高考英语阅读理解抢分技巧

曾建蓉

技巧1 跳读命题出处抢分

所谓跳读，指的是根据问题信息跳跃性地阅读文章的某些段落或某些句子。跳读可以加强阅读的针对性、节约阅读时间和提高阅读效率。许多阅读理解的事实细节题均可用跳读法在原文中找到相关的依据，从而迅速做出选择。请看下面的实例（2008年福建卷）：

Using your card abroad

You can also use your Servicecard and Cashcard when youre abroad. You can withdraw cash at cash machines and pay for goods and services wherever you see the Cirrus or Maestro logo displayed.

We take a commission charge（手续费） of 2.25% of each cash withdrawal you make （up to ￡4） and a commission charge of 75 pence every time you use Maestro to pay for goods or services. We also apply a foreign-exchange transaction fee of 2.62%.

If you withdraw ￡200 from a cash machine abroad， you will be charged ______.

A. ￡4 B. ￡4.5

C. ￡5.25 D. ￡5.3

【分析】答案为A。由于题目涉及钱数，考生可以先扫视一下短文，初步确定该题目在文章中的出处，然后跳读相应的命题出处：We take a commission charge（手续费） of 2.25% of each cash withdrawal you make （up to ￡4）. 由此可知，所收手续费为200 ×2.25%＝4.5（英镑）。但是根据 up to ￡4（最高只收￡4）这一补充规定，答案只能是 A。

技巧2 巧用经验常识抢分

即指考生根据自己作为一个中学生所具备的各类常识（如生活常识、科普常识、史地常识等）以及英语语言的有关文化背景进行答题。请看下面的实例（2008年福建卷）：

Use energy-efficient ceiling fans either alone or with air conditioning. Ceiling fans do a great job of circulating air. When used with air conditioning， fans allow you to raise the thermostat（恒温器） and cut costs. Ceiling fans cool people， not rooms， so before you leave， turn off the ceiling fan.

According to the passage， the thermostat is used to .

A. make rooms quieter B. control room temperature

C. turn off the air conditioner D. reduce room air pollution

【分析】答案为 B。文章对 thermostat 给出了中文释义“恒温器”。根据常识，“恒温器”的作用当然就是控制温度，所以答案可确定为 B。事实上，此题无需详看原文，只需注意到 thermostat 后的中文注释再结合生活常识即可选出答案。

请看一例（2008年浙江卷）：

Adrian?謘s “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he， as a baby， couldn?謘t hear a thing， not even loud noises. In a special school for the hearing-impaired （听觉受损的）， he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However， the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an advisor， she sent him to private classes where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.

How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?

A. By speaking. B. By using sign language

C. By reading lips D. By making loud noises

【分析】答案为 B。此题可以从两个方面来作答：一是利用跳读命题出处可知，此题的命题依据是文中的 In a special school for the hearing-impaired（听觉受损的）， he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children，由此可知答案。二是利用经验常识来作答，文章中说 Adrian 从小就听不见（couldn't hear a thing），既然听不见，应该通过什么方式来交际呢？题目中提供了四种选择：通过说话，通过使用手势语，通过看嘴唇，通过发出很大的声音。根据常识可知，只有“通过使用手势语”最佳，故选 B。

技巧3 巧用画图列表抢分

有的阅读材料由于涉及的人物、地点、事件、活动、数字等比较多或事件比较复杂，或其中动作或场景变化太快，此时可以根据所读文章内容草拟图表，以帮助理清思路，把问题条理化。比如一篇关于地理的文章，在介绍方位时，可能讲到 A 在 B 的东面，B 在 C 的南面，而 C 又在 D 的西面，如此东南西北地转来转去，你一定晕头转向了，但假若我们根据文章内容边读边画个草图，那就清清楚楚了。或者有这样一篇报道球赛的短文，其中涉及双方队员十余人，短文中说 A 把球传给 B，又说 C 把球抢来传给 D，看得你眼花缭乱，假若命题者在这里出一道题要你区分哪些球员是同一队的，你一定不知道如何是好。但此时只要你列出一个图表，将所有球员按照短文叙述的顺序以及他们彼此的传球关系一一罗列，其答案就会一目了然了。请看一篇实例：

There is a very simple way of measuring the height of a water-tower， which we cannot measure by climbing.

Suppose， for example， that we wish to find out the height of the water-tower AB in a factory， we first of all go to where the water-tower is standing and measure a distance of， say， 90 feet from it， in a straight line， marking the spot that is 90 feet from the water-tower， then we take a stick DC， and stand it in the ground at the spot we have just marked.

Let us suppose that the stick we are using is 4 feet in height. We now walk farther away from the water-tower in the same straight line as when we measured off the distance of 90 feet. We go from the water-tower until we come to a point E， where with our head on the ground， we see the top of the stick and the top of the water-tower in the same straight line—that is， the top of the stick just over the highest part of the water-tower.

We now have two triangles（三角形） and the proportion（比例） of the side CD to the side CE， in the smaller triangle CDE， is exactly the same as the proportion of the side BA to the side BE， in the large triangle BAE. It is clear from this that every schoolboy or schoolgirl can work out the height of the water-tower.

Suppose that the line CE is 5 feet. We know that the stick is 4 feet high and the length BE is 95 feet. From these measurements we have the simple proportion sum（算题）： 5 is to 4 as 95 is to AB. We multiply（乘） 95 by 4，making 380，and divided by 5. Then we can get the height of the water-tower. The height of any other building can， of course， be easily measured by using the same way.

1. The triangle CDE must be _______.

A. below the triangle BAE B. in the triangle BAE

C. out of the triangle BAE D. over the triangle BAE

2. The proportion of the side CD to the side CE is _______.

A. bigger than the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

B. equal to the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

C. not as big as the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

D. smaller than the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

【分析】做上面两道题时，画图和不画图的区别是很明显的——画图，思路清晰，操作简便；不画图，思路不清晰，操作较复杂。上面第1题答案选 B，根据文章第2段和第3段画出图形，我们就能得到两个三角形 CDE 和三角形 BAE，并且三角形 CDE 一定在三角形 BAE 中，故答案为 B。第2题答案为B，根据第4段中 the proportion（比例） of the side CD to the side CE， in the smaller triangle CDE， is exactly the same as the proportion of the side BA to the side BE， in the large triangle BAE 可知答案。

技巧4 巧用反证法抢分

所谓反证法，就是指当一个选项无法确定或无法排除时，可以假定它正确或错误，并按此思路从文章中寻找线索，最后推出矛盾的结论。请看下面一例（2008年江西卷）：

Most people， when they travel to space， would like to stay in orbit for a few days or more. And this stands to reason， if youre paying $20，000 for your trip to orbit! So in order for tourism to reach its full potential theres going to be a need for orbital accommodation—or space hotels. What would a space hotel actually be like to visit? Hotels in orbit will offer the services you expect from a hotel—private rooms， meals， bars. But theyll also offer two unique experiences： impressive views—of Earth and space—and the endless entertainment of living in zero gravity—including sports and other activities that make use of this.

The hotels themselves will vary greatly—from being quite simple in the early days to huge luxury structure at a later date. Its actually surprising that as late as 1997， very few designs for space hotels were published. This is mainly because those who might be expected to design them havent expected launch costs to come down far enough to make them possible.

Lots of people whove been to space have described vividly what its like to live in zero gravity. There are obviously all sorts of possibilities for dancing， gymnastics， and zero-G sports. Luckily， you dont need to sleep much living in zero gravity， so youll have plenty of time for relaxing by hanging out in a bar with a window looking down at the turning Earth below.

Of course all good things have come to an end. Unfortunately， And so after a few days youll find yourself heading back though youll be much more expert at exercising in zero gravity than you were when you arrived. Youll be thinking how soon you can save up enough to get back up again—or maybe you should change jobs to get to work in an orbiting hotel.

Which of the following is not discussed in the passage?

A. When was the space traveling made possible?

B. What are the unique experiences that space hotels will offer?

C. Why were there not many published designs for space hotels?

D. How can the travelers enjoy themselves in space hotels?

【分析】假设选项B的内容在文章中没有涉及，但我们在第一段中的 But theyll also offer two unique experiences： impressive views—of Earth and space...可找到相关信息；假设选项 C 的内容在文章中没有提及，但我们在第二段结尾处的...very few designs for space hotels were published. This is mainly because those who might be expected to design them havent...可找到相应信息；假设选项 D 的内容在文章中没有提及，但我们在第三段中的...youll have plenty of time for relaxing by hanging out in a bar...找到了相应信息；而选项 A 的内容，我们通读全文后，没有找到任何相关信息。故选 A。

技巧5 巧用首尾定位法做排序题

有的试题要求考生根据动作或事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出其相应的正确顺序。同学们在做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。请看下面的例子（2008年福建卷）：

After the Summer Olympics are over， when all the athletics have gone home and the television audience has switched off， another group of athletics and fans will arrive at the host city， and another competition will begin. These are the Paralympics， the games for athletes with a disability. But in Beijing in 2008， for the first time， one of the greatest Paralympics will not be taking part.

She is a British athlete by the name of Tanni Grey-Thormpson. Born with spine hifida（脊椎裂） which left her paralysed from the waist down. Tanni used a wheelchair from the age of 7. At first， she was not keen on sport， apart from horse-riding， which gave her a sense of freedom. But in her teens， she started taking sports more seriously. She tried swimming， basketball and tennis. Eventually she found athletics， and never looked back.

Indeed， Tannis athletic career took off. In 1984， when she was 15， she pulled off a surprise victory in the 100 metres at the Junior National Wheelchair Games.

In 1998， Tanni went to her first Paralympic Games in Seoul. She won bronze in the 400 metres. Even greater success followed at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics. Tanni won gold in the 100， 200， 400 and 800 metres relay， setting two world records in the process. In the same year she achieved the first of her six London Wheelchair Marathon victories.

Tannis enduring success had been part motivation（动机）， part preparation， “The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter（短跑运动员） enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to see.... I am still competing at a very high lever， but as I get older things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart. ”

Indeed Tanni retired finally after the Visa Paralympic World Cup in 2007. Her wish is to coach young athletes for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

In spite of ups and downs， she never take her fate lying down. In her splendid life， she has won an amazing eleven gold medals， four silvers and one bronze in series of Paralympics—a top lever athletic career covering two decades. She has won the London Wheelchair Marathon six times， more than any other competitor， and she has set over thirty world records.

What advice does she have for young athletes? “Work hard at your studies， and then train， train and train again.”

Whats the right order of the events related to Tanni?

a. She works as a coach.

b. She took up athletics.

c. She won four gold medals in Barcelona.

d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.

e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.

A. b， d， c， e， a B. a， d， b， c， e

C. a， d， c， e， b D. b， d， a， e， c

【分析】答案为 A。运用首尾定位法，可根据文章内容首先确定第一项和最后一项。根据第2段内容及常识可知 b 应排在第一位，故可排除 B 和 C。根据第6段的内容可知 a 应排在最后一项，故可排除 D。

技巧6 巧用先题后文法抢分

所谓先题后文，指的是先看题目后看文章，即看了题目后带着问题去看文章。此时考生对短文中出现的那些与问题有关的词句，可以用铅笔做些记号，以便为下一步选择做好准备，但也不要每读到一个与问题有关的信息点就停下来去对照后面的问题，因为这样转来转去要耽误一些时间。另一方面有些问题往往要通过对短文的全面了解才能作出结论，而不能仅从一两个信息点作出判断。对于不能一次性解决的难题，可以再次跳读短文，进一步比较和分析，最后找出答案。请看下面一篇文章（2008年江西卷）：

Opening week specials at Munchies Food Hall.

At the corner of Green and Brown Streets in the city

Monday 7th of January until Sunday，13rd of January 2008

Feast until youre full! Come down to Monetizes this week to enjoy the special dishes on offer at all of our food outlets. Order from the following：

●Succulent chicken rice ●spicy stays beef

●Delicious noodle dishes ●plump pork chips

●seafood specialties ●crunchy vegetables

●sweet tropical fruit

Halal food is available at the stall Malay Mood Heaven.

（10% discount on all orders above $20.00）

Win Prizes and Gifts!

●Spend ＄20. 00 or more and win instant prizes from our lucky draw box.

●Collect a free party balloon and whistle for each young diner.

●Enjoy a free meal if you are the first customer of the day at any of our stalls.

●Win a holiday to Western Australia. A free raffle ticket is given with every receipt. Just fill in your information and place your entry in the box provided.

Winner to be announced in The strait Times on the 15th of January.

Join in the Fun!

Between 7∶00 pm and 8∶00 pm each evening until the 15th of January， your favorite Channel 3 television actors and singers will entertain you：

●May Lee ●Jackie Chen ●Kim Yap ●Kamal

Autograph sessions will follow each performance! And who will be our extra special mystery star?

Come down on Saturday at noon to find out.

1. Munchies Food Hall does NOT sell ______.

A. lambB. beef

C. porkD. chicken

2. The prices at Munchies are ______.

A. lower than usual

B. bargain prices for the opening

C. lower far two people

D. lower if you spend ＄21.00

3. Everyone who eats at Munchies will receive a ______.

A. free raffle ticket B. lucky draw coupon

C. free meal D. balloon and whistle

4. I will find out who has won the top to Western Australia when I ______.

A. watch Channel 3 television

B. come down to Munchies at noon

C. read The Strait Times on the 15th of January

D. attend the lucky draw at Munchies Food Hall

【分析】做题时先看问题：

1. Munchies Food Hall does NOT sell ______.

2. The prices at Munchies are ______.

3. Everyone who eats at Munchies will receive a ______.

4. I will find out who has won the top to Western Australia when I ______.

其中第1题涉及 Munchies Food Hall 销售什么和不销售什么；第2题涉及 Munchies 的价格问题；第3题说的是人们在 Munchies 吃饭会得到什么东西；第4题的题干比较长，讲的是什么时候可以了解到 who has won the top to Western Australia 这一消息。

了解了题目要求和问题之后，我们就可以带着这些问题去跳读文章了。

1. A。根据 Order from the following 后面的内容可知 Munchies Food Hall 不销售 lamb，故答案为 A。

2. D。根据其中的 10% discount on all orders above ＄20.00 可知答案为 D。

3. A。根据其中 A free raffle ticket is given with every receipt 可知答案为 A。

4. C。根据其中的 Winner to be announced in The Strait Times on the 15th of January 可知答案为 C。

（编辑 周贞雄）