细节辨析： 细心保障正确率

赖朝晖

细心是有效避免干扰、准确解答阅读理解细节辨析题的不二法门。首先，必须养成拿到文章先通读的习惯；其次，答题时必须细致分析，切忌臆断。

观察近几年高考英语浙江卷可以发现，对细节的把握和理解是阅读理解题的考查重点，题量占阅读理解题总量的四成左右。

直接提问、判断是非

细节题的两种设问方式

细节辨析题的设问方式主要有两种。

一是考查对文本中某个具体的事实或细节的把握，比如提问某人做了什么事、某事发生的地点、某个现象产生的诱因，等等。

二是考查是非判断，通常会问四个选项中哪个选项是正确的或是符合文意的。

不论以何种方式设问，细节题都旨在考查同学们辨析文中具体事实和线索的能力。

偷梁换柱、答非所问、无中生有

干扰项的三大特征

为了混淆视线，命题者编制的干扰项一般具备以下几个特征：

（1） 偷梁换柱。选项内容看似与文本表述一致，具有极强的迷惑性，但实际上个别用词不同，这些不同的用词会导致选项含义与原文相去甚远。

（2） 答非所问。选项内容确实来自文本，但与提问无关，这种选项干扰性也很强。

（3） 无中生有。选项内容看似合理，却是命题者编造的，与文章没有关系。

通读全文，找信息源

细致分析，切忌臆断

答题牢记“细心”二字

细节辨析题与主旨概括题不同，后者涉及概括、理解能力的高低，而前者只关乎细心与否，只要能从文中准确地找出与问题有关的信息源，将其与选项仔细对比，是不难看出干扰项错在何处的。

首先，必须养成拿到文章先通读的习惯。

解答细节辨析题，跳读查找解题的信息源是最常用的方法，事先通读全文能使跳读查找更快更准确。

其次，必须细致分析对比，切忌臆断。

细节辨析题考查的内容比较细碎，又有很多干扰因素，不少同学缺乏耐心，不细加分析，只凭主观印象答题，非常容易出错。要提高答题正确率，务必仔细辨别选项和信息源的相符程度。

实例分析

下面以2013年高考英语北京卷C篇为例，来看如何做到细致辨别。

People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once， a new research suggests. The findings， based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students， indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity， but because they are easily distracted（分心） and cant focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，” said David Sanbonmatsu， a psychologist at the University of Utah.

Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked， how good they thought they were at it， and how sensation-seeking （寻求刺激） or imperative（冲动） they were. They then evaluated the participants multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.

Not surprisingly， the scientists said， most people thought they were better than average at multitasking， and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior， which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.

“People multitask not because its going to lead to greater productivity， but because theyre distractible， and they get sucked into things that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.

Adam Gazzaley， a researcher at the University of California， San Francisco， who was not a member of the research group， said one limitation of the study was that it couldnt find out whether people who start out less focused tend toward multitasking or whether peoples recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.

The findings do suggest， however， why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley， another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though theyre dangerous.”

67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask

.

A. seek high productivity constantly

B. prefer handling different things when getting bored

C. are more focused when doing many things at a time

D. have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time

68. When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research， they

.

A. assessed the multitasking ability of the students

B. evaluated the academic achievements of the students

C. analyzed the effects of the participants tricky mental tasks

D. measured the changes of the students understanding ability

69. According to Sanbonmatsu， people multitask because of their .

A. limited power in calculation

B. interests in doing things differently

C. inability to concentrate on one task

D. impulsive desire to try new things

这是一篇关于“一心多用”的学术研究类文章。全文共6段，通读后可知，第1段综述关于“一心多用”的研究情况，给出研究结论；第2段介绍研究过程；第3、4段分析研究结论；第5、6段指出研究存在的缺陷。

再来看第67～69题。这三道题分别考查了对研究结论、研究过程的理解以及所研究现象的成因分析。在了解文章各部分内容的基础上，寻找解答这三道题的信息源就变得容易多了。只要将信息源与选项细心比对，不难作出正确选择。

第67题问研究的结论是什么，可以快速锁定综述研究情况、给出结论的第1段，从中找到相关的信息源：People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once和those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，可见，多项任务同时进行反而会办不好事，所以选D。

A选项是“偷梁换柱”式的命题，第1段虽然提到了productivity（效率），但人们一心多用不是为了提高效率（not out of a desire to increase productivity），所以seek high productivity不正确。而B、C选项都不是文本中的信息，属于“无中生有”的选项。

第68题考查研究过程，文中与之相关的信息源是They then evaluated the participants multitasking ability with a tricky mental task ... 一句，意为“他们用 a tricky mental task评估参与者同时进行多项任务的能力”，正确选项为A，选项中用assess（评估）来替代文章中的evaluate。

B选项有evaluate一词，但评估的内容academic achievements是无中生有的，文中根本未提及。D选项同样属于无中生有。

C选项干扰性就更强了。文中说的是利用这种任务（the participants tricky mental tasks）来评估人们“一心多用”的能力，而不是分析这种任务产生的效果（analyzed the effects），选项偷换了概念，需要同学们认真对比，加以区别。

第69题考查人们一心多用的原因，解题的信息源来自第4段Sanbonmatsu说的话：People multitask not because its going to lead to greater productivity， but because theyre distractible， and they get sucked into things that are not as important。只要找对这个信息源，就能发现A、B和D选项的内容在这句话中都没有提及，都是无中生有的，可以很快排除。distractible意为“注意力不能集中的”，与C选项中的inability to concentrate on表意一致，所以选C。