流程图及鱼骨图在降低开放性创伤手术围术期感染中的应用研究

2014-07-05 15:16朱红费惠严海霞徐善祥
中国现代医生 2014年17期
关键词:感染流程图围手术期

朱红+费惠+严海霞+徐善祥

[摘要] 目的 研究流程图及鱼骨图在降低开放性创伤手术围手术期感染中的应用效果。方法 分析既往开放性创伤患者围手术期感染的危险因素,制定感染因素鱼骨图及管理感染流程图,将其应用于手术医护人员培训中,观察应用前后医务人员考评分及职业暴露情况。 结果 培训前总评分(82.51±4.89)分、职业暴露8.93%、正确处理71.15%、感染15.98%;培训后分别为(97.36±2.11)分、3.61%、100.00%、5.93%。结论 应用开放性创伤感染危险因素鱼骨图及管理流程图培训后,有助于护理人员更好地掌握防控感染的相关知识,同时降低职业暴露率。

[关键词] 流程图;鱼骨图;开放性创伤;围手术期;感染

[中图分类号] R47 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)17-0150-04

Application of flow diagram and fishbone diagram to reduce perioperative infection of open wounds during operation

ZHU Hong1 FEI Hui1 YAN Haixia1 XU Shanxiang2

1.Operation Room, the First Hospital of Ningbo City in Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China; 2. Department of Orthopedics, the Second People's Hospital of Ganzhou City in Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou 415000, China

[Abstract] Objective To study the flow chart and fishbone diagram open wounds in reducing perioperative infection in the application results. Methods Patients with open wounds previous perioperative risk factors for infection, infection factors to develop a flow chart fishbone diagram and management of infection, surgery will be applied within the health care training, medical personnel observed before and after application of the test scores and occupational exposure situation. Results Before training the total score were (82.51±4.89) points, occupational exposure 8.93%, with proper handling 71.15%, infection 15.98%; After training that respectively were(97.36±2.11) points, with occupational exposure 3.61%, proper handling 100.00%, infection 5.93%. Conclusion The application of risk factors fishbone diagram flow chart of training and management of open wound infection, helping nurses to better grasp the knowledge of infection prevention and control, while reducing the rate of occupational exposure.

[Key words] Flow chart; Fishbone diagram; Open wound; Perioperative period; Infection

开放性创伤即受伤部位的内部组织与外界相通。开放性创伤多为意外伤,发病较急,病情发展快。由于开放性创伤表皮受损,可能有异物残留或组织坏死,如果未能及时清理或切除,则易诱发感染[1]。重症患者引起的全身性感染可能导致多器官功能障碍、脓毒血症及脓毒性休克,同时也是开放性创伤后期死亡的重要原因。故对于开放性创伤围手术期感染的预防与职业防护,是临床医务工作者关注的重点。现本文就对开放性创伤患者应用感染因素的鱼骨图及管理感染的流程图对临床疗效的作用具体分析如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取医院手术室手术护士10名,均为女性,年龄37~48岁,平均(44.3±2.3)岁,其中本科4名,大专6名;副主任护师2名,主管护师8名。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 评估开放性创伤的现状 回顾性分析开放性创伤患者围手术期内引起的感染患者及相关护理人员的临床资料。对科内护士进行感染因素及管理感染的办法等相关知识调查后发现,护士并不能完全掌握引起开放性创伤感染的因素;护士对手术感染的管理办法了解有欠缺,目标与程度不明确,造成患者健康知识了解不明确、心理压力过大。同时发现开放性创伤手术工作量较大,患者伤势危急,医务工作者防护意识欠缺,职业暴露率较高,并且发生职业暴露后不能正确及时地处理。

1.2.2 制作感染因素的鱼骨图及管理感染的流程图 (1)2012年10月,组织全科护理人员对开放性创伤围手术期内可能引起感染的因素进行讨论分析,同时回顾性分析患者的临床资料,从多种角度探究感染发生机制及构成要素,从而制定开放性创伤手术围手术期感染的危险因素鱼骨图,见图1。(2)根据图1与《医院感染管理办法》、《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》等防治感染的相关法律法规,总结开放性创伤手术感染控制的流程性管理办法,从而设计出树状结构的管理感染的流程图,见图2。endprint

1.2.3 培训 对10名科内护理人员进行感染因素的鱼骨图的解释及原因分析,使每位护理人员充分理解鱼骨图各项指标的意义,从而严格掌握感染的危险因素。进而对每位护理人员分析开放性创伤手术过程中的注意事项,对流程图的各项工作的展开及步骤应熟练掌握。每周进行3次培训,培训过程中可由护理人员相互交流经验,对工作中可能发生职业暴露的地方应相互指正。

1.3 观察指标

对未应用鱼骨图及流程图培训前2011年10月~2012年10月及培训后(2012年10月~2013年10月)的护理人员就开放性创伤手术感染因素、应对方法及管理感染相关知识进行考评,包括组织管理、教育与培训、报告与反馈、院感流行或爆发的处置、病房院感的预防与控制、特殊部门重点部门的控制与预防、手术感染重点项目的管理、医务人员的防感染办法、手卫生、医疗废物的处理,满分为100分,分数越高,说明掌握知识越为熟练。并对应用培训前、培训后护士职业暴露发生及正确处理的病例数进行统计分析。其中培训前处理患者582例,培训后处理患者624例,观察培训前后患者感染情况。

1.4 统计学处理

应用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2结果

2.1 应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前后考评分比较

科内护理人员应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前平均总评分为(82.51±4.89)分,培训后平均总评分为(97.36±2.11)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。

表1 应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前后考评分比较(x±s,分)

2.2 职业暴露

应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前职业暴露52例(8.93%),正确处理37例(71.15%);培训后职业暴露21例(3.61%),正确处理21例(100.00%)。见表2。

表2 应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前后职业暴露情况比较[n(%)]

2.3 感染情况

培训前582例患者感染93例(15.98%);培训后624例患者感染37例(5.93%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。

表3 应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前后患者感染情况比较[n(%)]

3 讨论

感染已成为危害患者及医护人员生命安全的重要公共卫生问题,因此感染的防控贯穿在护理工作的全过程中[2]。

鱼骨图是由日本管理大师石川馨先生发明出来的,是一种发现问题“根本原因”的方法,故又称为“因果图”,其特点是简洁实用、深入直观。图形似鱼骨,问题或缺陷(即后果)标在“鱼头”外,在鱼骨分支标示“鱼刺”,根据机会多寡列出产生问题的可能原因,鱼骨图有助于说明各个原因之间是如何相互影响的[3],同时对原因出现的时间次序有明确的标识,有助于着手解决关键问题。图1可见引起开放性创伤围手术期感染的因素较多,其中手术复杂、创伤大、手术时间长,手术操作不当、预防措施不力、手术中无菌操作不严格、清创不到位均为造成开放性创伤围手术期感染的重要因素[4],其中尤以医务人员的因素为主。

故在制定管理感染的流程图时以医务人员为主体,尽量缩短麻醉与手术时间,严格无菌操作、预防性使用抗生素、术后彻底清创,同时防控空气感染与敷料感染以及规范处理手术废物,从而完成围手术期。流程图与鱼骨图均是通过图标的方式传达相关知识,有助于直观形象地表达关键信息,较之传统的文字传输与死板的教育模式[5],可强化护士对关键点的理解。而对于感染管理的办法通过流程图可使护士明确工作步骤,有章可循,并且结合鱼骨图不会遗漏相关因素及可能引起职业暴露的工作死角[6]。同时,资料显示[7],手术持续时间越长,切口感染的机会越大。故在抢救开放性创伤患者时必须做到分秒必争,尽量缩短手术时间。流程图的使用,可帮助护士在遇到突发状况时,有一套合理、严谨、有序的处理流程,不至于手忙脚乱[8],使护士在工作中程序明确、忙而不乱,增强自我防护意识,职业暴露率明显下降。

本次研究中,科内护理人员应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前平均总评分为(82.51±4.89)分,培训后平均总评分为(97.36±2.11)分。应用流程图及鱼骨图进行培训前职业暴露52例(8.93%),正确处理37例(71.15%);培训后职业暴露21例(3.61%),正确处理21例(100.00%)。同时培训前582例患者感染93例(15.98%);培训后624例患者感染37例(5.93%)。提示应用鱼骨图及流程图可有效提高护士学习感染防护知识的效率,减少职业暴露的发生率。

在配合开放性创伤手术中,手术室护士是感染管理和执行标准预防的主导者,有监督手术人员和麻醉师操作的职责[9]。部分手术医生操作不规范,多表现在缝针折断、丢失,使用过的手术器械不及时返回而易发生刺伤;麻醉师在穿刺后,未将针头放进锐器盒等[10]。

在培训过程中发现,通过培训护士学习鱼骨图与流程图,可强化护士严谨负责的工作态度、明确工作职责[11-13],同时强化医护人员的消毒隔离和无菌技术观念。医务人员通过学习后,可用于监督麻醉师与手术医生的操作,如加强缝针折断或丢失的管理、避免手术器械刺伤患者或医务人员、规范无菌操作与彻底清创。培训中由于经验交流,有助于缓解护士工作压力,加强团队凝聚力[11]。对于患者而言,医护人员对业务学习能力的增强,有助于帮助患者了解自身疾病,降低感染的发生率,同时缓解患者担忧、恐惧的心理状态[14],建立良好的医患关系,同时取得患者对医疗工作的配合,从而增强战胜疾病的信心与决心,有助于疾病的康复。此外,护士业务水平的增高也有助于医院社会形象的树立[15,16]。

总之,应用开放性创伤感染危险因素鱼骨图及管理的流程图培训后,有助于护理人员更好地掌握防控感染的相关知识,同时可降低职业暴露率,可为临床防控感染提供一定的帮助。endprint

[参考文献]

[1] Taner M T,Sezen B,Antony J. An overview of six sigma applications in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,2007,20(4):329-340.

[2] Blatnik J A,Krpata D M,Novitsky Y W,et al. Does a history of wound infection predict postoperative surgical site infection after ventral hernia repair[J]. The American Journal of Surgery,2012,203(3):370-374.

[3] Greif R,Akca O,Horn E P,et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2000,342(3):161-167.

[4] Zerr MBA,Kathryn J,Furnary M D,et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,1997, 63(2): 356-361.

[5] Chen L F,Arduino J M,Sheng S,et al. Epidemiology and outcome of major postoperative infections following cardiac surgery: Risk factors and impact of pathogen type[J]. American Journal of Infection Control,2012,40(10):963-968.

[6] McGirt M J,Parker S L,Lerner J,et al. Comparative analysis of perioperative surgical site infection after minimally invasive versus open posterior transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: Analysis of hospital billing and discharge data from 5170 patients: Clinical article[J]. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine,2011,14(6):771-778.

[7] Haga H,Fukushima N. Historical consideration of the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus in Japan and use of a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause[J]. The Journal of Japanese History of Pharmacy,2010,46(1):21-28.

[8] 曹新平. 鱼骨图和流程图在开放性创伤手术感染管理中的应用[J]. 护理学杂志,2013,28(2):3-5.

[9] 权爱莲. 颅内动脉瘤破裂出血急诊手术配合的流程管理[J]. 护理学杂志,2009,24(12):60-61.

[10] Poon K C,Lee H Y,Yau W H. Predictive factors for the existence of foreign body following fish bone ingestion: a prospective study[J]. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine,2010,17(2):132-141.

[11] Tamm E P,Szklaruk J,Puthooran L,et al. Quality initiatives: planning,setting up,and carrying out radiology Process improvement projects[J]. Radiographics,2012,32(5):1529-1542.

[12] 张春斐,张红枫,朱亮德,等. 六西格玛管理方法降低高压蒸汽灭菌后湿包发生率[J]. 解放军护理杂志,2010,27(2):144-146.

[13] 夏晓燕. 应用六西格玛方法改进妇产科门诊流程[D]. 南方医科大学,2008.

[14] Wei G S,Jackson J L,O'malley P G. Postmenopausal osteoporosis risk management in primary care: How well does it adhere to national practice guidelines[J]. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association,2003,58(2):99-104.

[15] Yoshida J,Koda S,Nishida S,et al. Association between occupational exposure levels of antineoplastic drugs and work environment in five hospitals in Japan[J]. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice,2011,17(1):29-38.

[16] Vandenplas O,Dressel H,Wilken D,et al. Management of occupational asthma: Cessation or reduction of exposure? A systematic review of available evidence[J]. European Respiratory Journal,2011,38(4):804-811.

(收稿日期:2013-12-16)endprint

[参考文献]

[1] Taner M T,Sezen B,Antony J. An overview of six sigma applications in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,2007,20(4):329-340.

[2] Blatnik J A,Krpata D M,Novitsky Y W,et al. Does a history of wound infection predict postoperative surgical site infection after ventral hernia repair[J]. The American Journal of Surgery,2012,203(3):370-374.

[3] Greif R,Akca O,Horn E P,et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2000,342(3):161-167.

[4] Zerr MBA,Kathryn J,Furnary M D,et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,1997, 63(2): 356-361.

[5] Chen L F,Arduino J M,Sheng S,et al. Epidemiology and outcome of major postoperative infections following cardiac surgery: Risk factors and impact of pathogen type[J]. American Journal of Infection Control,2012,40(10):963-968.

[6] McGirt M J,Parker S L,Lerner J,et al. Comparative analysis of perioperative surgical site infection after minimally invasive versus open posterior transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: Analysis of hospital billing and discharge data from 5170 patients: Clinical article[J]. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine,2011,14(6):771-778.

[7] Haga H,Fukushima N. Historical consideration of the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus in Japan and use of a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause[J]. The Journal of Japanese History of Pharmacy,2010,46(1):21-28.

[8] 曹新平. 鱼骨图和流程图在开放性创伤手术感染管理中的应用[J]. 护理学杂志,2013,28(2):3-5.

[9] 权爱莲. 颅内动脉瘤破裂出血急诊手术配合的流程管理[J]. 护理学杂志,2009,24(12):60-61.

[10] Poon K C,Lee H Y,Yau W H. Predictive factors for the existence of foreign body following fish bone ingestion: a prospective study[J]. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine,2010,17(2):132-141.

[11] Tamm E P,Szklaruk J,Puthooran L,et al. Quality initiatives: planning,setting up,and carrying out radiology Process improvement projects[J]. Radiographics,2012,32(5):1529-1542.

[12] 张春斐,张红枫,朱亮德,等. 六西格玛管理方法降低高压蒸汽灭菌后湿包发生率[J]. 解放军护理杂志,2010,27(2):144-146.

[13] 夏晓燕. 应用六西格玛方法改进妇产科门诊流程[D]. 南方医科大学,2008.

[14] Wei G S,Jackson J L,O'malley P G. Postmenopausal osteoporosis risk management in primary care: How well does it adhere to national practice guidelines[J]. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association,2003,58(2):99-104.

[15] Yoshida J,Koda S,Nishida S,et al. Association between occupational exposure levels of antineoplastic drugs and work environment in five hospitals in Japan[J]. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice,2011,17(1):29-38.

[16] Vandenplas O,Dressel H,Wilken D,et al. Management of occupational asthma: Cessation or reduction of exposure? A systematic review of available evidence[J]. European Respiratory Journal,2011,38(4):804-811.

(收稿日期:2013-12-16)endprint

[参考文献]

[1] Taner M T,Sezen B,Antony J. An overview of six sigma applications in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,2007,20(4):329-340.

[2] Blatnik J A,Krpata D M,Novitsky Y W,et al. Does a history of wound infection predict postoperative surgical site infection after ventral hernia repair[J]. The American Journal of Surgery,2012,203(3):370-374.

[3] Greif R,Akca O,Horn E P,et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2000,342(3):161-167.

[4] Zerr MBA,Kathryn J,Furnary M D,et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,1997, 63(2): 356-361.

[5] Chen L F,Arduino J M,Sheng S,et al. Epidemiology and outcome of major postoperative infections following cardiac surgery: Risk factors and impact of pathogen type[J]. American Journal of Infection Control,2012,40(10):963-968.

[6] McGirt M J,Parker S L,Lerner J,et al. Comparative analysis of perioperative surgical site infection after minimally invasive versus open posterior transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: Analysis of hospital billing and discharge data from 5170 patients: Clinical article[J]. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine,2011,14(6):771-778.

[7] Haga H,Fukushima N. Historical consideration of the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus in Japan and use of a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause[J]. The Journal of Japanese History of Pharmacy,2010,46(1):21-28.

[8] 曹新平. 鱼骨图和流程图在开放性创伤手术感染管理中的应用[J]. 护理学杂志,2013,28(2):3-5.

[9] 权爱莲. 颅内动脉瘤破裂出血急诊手术配合的流程管理[J]. 护理学杂志,2009,24(12):60-61.

[10] Poon K C,Lee H Y,Yau W H. Predictive factors for the existence of foreign body following fish bone ingestion: a prospective study[J]. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine,2010,17(2):132-141.

[11] Tamm E P,Szklaruk J,Puthooran L,et al. Quality initiatives: planning,setting up,and carrying out radiology Process improvement projects[J]. Radiographics,2012,32(5):1529-1542.

[12] 张春斐,张红枫,朱亮德,等. 六西格玛管理方法降低高压蒸汽灭菌后湿包发生率[J]. 解放军护理杂志,2010,27(2):144-146.

[13] 夏晓燕. 应用六西格玛方法改进妇产科门诊流程[D]. 南方医科大学,2008.

[14] Wei G S,Jackson J L,O'malley P G. Postmenopausal osteoporosis risk management in primary care: How well does it adhere to national practice guidelines[J]. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association,2003,58(2):99-104.

[15] Yoshida J,Koda S,Nishida S,et al. Association between occupational exposure levels of antineoplastic drugs and work environment in five hospitals in Japan[J]. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice,2011,17(1):29-38.

[16] Vandenplas O,Dressel H,Wilken D,et al. Management of occupational asthma: Cessation or reduction of exposure? A systematic review of available evidence[J]. European Respiratory Journal,2011,38(4):804-811.

(收稿日期:2013-12-16)endprint

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