定语从句的句型及关系词的运用

张前清

定语从句是用一个句子对另一个句子的一个成分或部分进行修饰与限定，被修饰的词叫先行词，由名词或代词充当。定语从句的类型有限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有that，which，who，whose，as，where，when，why等。关系词是连接从句与先行词的桥梁，它在句中起连接作用并充当从句中的某个成分，如主语、宾语、定语、状语等。

定语从句是高中阶段的一个重点语法内容，在高考中占有一定比重。在书面表达中能熟练掌握并使用定语从句是考查同学们运用英语能力的一个重要方面，也是作文评分的亮点。对定语从句，要求知晓定语从句的概念，限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别，正确分析引导词在从句中充当的句子成分并选择使用。

[定语从句的句型]

（1）主语+that/which引导的定语从句+谓+宾

（2）主语+who/that引导的定语从句+谓+宾+状

（3）主语+（whose名/of which/of whom/one of which/two of whom）引导的定语从句+谓+宾

主语+（which引导的非限定性定语从句/who引导的非限定性定语从句）+谓+宾+状

主语+谓+宾，（which侧主/as侧宾）

as引导的定语从句，主+谓+宾

China has a long history during which many of the worlds greatest poets were active. 中国历史悠久，在这个悠久的历史长河中世界上很多伟大的诗人很活跃。

Sunday is a holiday， when people do not go to work. 星期天是假日，这一天人们不上班。

We have such grapes as you never saw. 我们有你从未见过的葡萄。

Her brother who is now a solider always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。

All the books， which have pictures in them， are well written. 所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。

As is expected， the England team won the football match. 正如所期待的，英国队赢得了足球赛。

定语从句中的引导词在从句中一定充当句子成分，并根据充当的成分选择使用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。弄清关系词使用的限制条件；注意保持时态和数的一致。

[关系词的运用]

定语从句在句中作定语，修饰句中的某一名词或代词（限制性定语从句），也可以修饰主句的一部分或主句（非限制性定语从句）。

关系词按照它们在从句中所充当的成分可以分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词有：which，that，who，whom，whose，as，but，关系副词有：when，where，why，as，that。

关系词在句中到三个方面的作用：

1. 连接。正像任何一个从句与主句之间都需要连接词一样，定语从句中起连接主句和从句的词就是关系词。虽然有时关系代词作宾语时可以省略关系词，但作为定语从句与主句的连接，关系词是必不可少的。

2. 在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词充当代词所能充当的成分，即作主语，宾语，表语或定语。其中，whom一般只作宾语，whose只作定语并表示所属关系，as用于such或same之后，but用于不定代词之后；关系副词在定语从句中只作状语。其中that用于先行词是the way并且从句需要关系副词时（相当于in which）或在the time when等结构中代替when。如：We didnt like the way that he treated us. How did you spend the time that you were in Hangzhou？

3. 代替先行词。先行词即被修饰的名词或代词。关系词代替先行词有三个层面的含义：

（1）代替先行词的意义。这就意味着关系词是没有自己固定的意义的（非限制性定语从句中的as和which往往译成“这”），它在句子中的意义由先行词决定。

（2）代替先行词的人称和数。关系词的人称和数由先行词决定，这一点在关系代词作定语从句的主语时尤其重要。如：He is a man who never leaves todays work till tomorrow. All these books， which have been donated by visiting professors， are to be used by the postgraduates.

（3）定语从句中不会再出现先行词或指代先行词的代词。也就是说，如果一个从句中出现了先行词或指代先行词的代词，那么这个从句就不会是定语从句。如：This is such a difficult problem that no one can work it out. 应该为一个such ... that结构中的结果状语从句；而This is such a difficult problem as no one can work out. 才是一个由as引导的定语从句。再如：As we expect， he finished the work on time. 此句中我们就不能在expect后接上宾语it，否则就不是一个定语从句。

练习

一、阅读下列各小题，根据括号内的汉语提示， 用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子。

1. The settlement is home to nearly 1，000 people， （其中许多人离开） their village homes for a better life in the city. （leave）

2. Life is like a long race （这里我们和他们竞争） to go beyond ourselves. （compete）

3. Barack Obama will deliver a speech to 1，000 local Youths during his visit to Shanghai， （大多数来自） Fudan University and Tongji University. （belong）

4. （你说话和行为的方式） lead people to believe that you have a good education or not. （way）

5. Although Ive bought lots of toys for my little son， （没一个是他喜欢的）. （favorite）

6. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity （视觉比听觉更重要）. （matter）

7. This article may shock some sensitive readers， （我向他们表示歉意） in advance. （offer）

8. Eco-travel is a form of travel （把普通旅游和学习结合在一起）. （combine）

9. All media around the world reported the terrible earthquake （一万多日本人在其中丧命）. （lose）

10. （种植） in the south where its warmer， this crop will produce an even richer harvest. （plant）

二、选择题。

1. This is the school we visited three days ago.

A. where B. /

C. when D. what

2. This is the factory we worked a year ago.

A. where B. that

C. which D. on which

3. Nearby were two canoes they had come to the island.

A. which B. in which

C. that D. /

4. Do you work near the building color is yellow？

A. that B. which

C. its D. whose

5. Is this school we visited three years ago？

A. the one B. which

C. that D. where

6. The woman is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.

A. whose B. who

C. whom D. which

7. Because of my poor memory， all you told me has been forgotten.

A. that B. which

C. what D. as

8. Do you remember those days we spent along the seashore very happily？

A. when B. where

C. which D. who

9. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera he lost last week.

A. which B. that

C. whom D. as

10. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there？

A. who B. /

C. that D. when

11. The man you talked just now is a worker.

A. who B. whom

C. to whom D. to who

12. The doctor is leaving for Africa next month.

A. the nurse is talking to him

B. whom the nurse is talking

C. the nurse is talking to

D. who the nurse is talking

13. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions were asked in French.

A. where B. who

C. in which D. which

14. The foreign guests， were government officials， were warmly welcomed at the airport.

A. most of them B. most of that

C. most of whom D. most of those

15. I know only a little about this matter， you may ask knows better than I.

A. whoever B. whomever

C. anyone D. the one

[参考答案]

一、1. many of whom left

2. where we compete with others

3. most of whom belong to

4. The way （that /in which） you speak and act

5. none of them is his favorite

6. where sight matters more than hearing

7. to whom I offer apology

8. which/that combines normal tourism with learning

9. in which more than 10，000 Japanese lost their lives

10. Planted

二、1～5 BABDA 6～10 BACDC

11～15 CCDCA