培养语句释义转述意识初探

2016-06-22 09:20徐俊
课程教育研究·下 2016年5期
关键词:意识培养

徐俊

【摘要】本文从词、句、篇三方面阐述了如何培养释义转述意识。

【关键词】释义语句 释义转述 语句释义转述 意识培养

【中图分类号】G633.41 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089(2016)05-0132-02

一、定义

释义(paraphrase),顾名思义就是解释词义。根据Oxford Advanced Learners English – Chinese Dictionary(《牛津高阶英汉词典》),它是指“ to express what sb has said or written using different words especially in order to make it easier to understand.”所谓“语句释义转述” 是指用另一句话进行转述解释,表达相同或相似的意思。“语句释义转述意识”则指学生对语句释义转述的敏感性。学生应该逐渐具有这样的敏感性,即能理解两个用词不同、结构有别的句子说的是一个意思,只不过是换了一种说法的已。这种意识愈强,读懂的句子愈多,阅读水平边愈高,也更容易读出字里行间的隐晦语义(read between the lines),从而形成强大的阅读推导(inferring)能力,有助于提高阅读理解答题判断的准确性。可以深入透彻理解词义,从而达到掌握词汇及其用法的目的。同时,学生学习新词复习旧词,提高了单词的复现率。

二、如何培养释义转述意识

1.熟练掌握词汇

我们常说学英语好比建房子,单词好比一块块砖头,可见词汇教学是英语教学的一个重要方面。词汇教学到底有多重要呢?英国著名的语言学家D.A.Wilkins(1972)曾经说过,“没有语法,能表达的内容很少,没有词汇则什么也表达不了”(" Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.)。可以说是一语道破了词汇学习对语言学习者的重要性。所以,在平时教学中促使学生熟练掌握新学词汇是教师的教学重点。客观地说,词汇量增多了,给教学带来一定的难度。怎样突破词汇教学的瓶颈呢?新教材主张培养学生学会在语境中感悟和领会词汇含义,找出意思相近或相同的语言表达。学会根据上下文猜测生词的含义。利用语块整体记忆词汇。理解词语的词性,并利用词性解读词汇意思。通过构词法分析词义等。词汇教学采用英语释义、类比、联想等方法并注意不断复现(刘道义,2006)。教材采用英语释义的方法设计了各种词汇练习。

(1)同义词、近义词替换。如:Which words or phrases in the letters have the same or similar meanings as the following? Write a sentence using each word or phrase.(八下unit 4 section A 3c)

makesth. clear—— explain talk——- communicate not allow——- refuse

worried——nervous get along with——get on with

八下unit10 section B 2b八下unit9 section A 3c八下unit10 section A 3c九年级unit4 section B 2e

(2) 根据释义找出文中对应的单词。如:Look at the words in bold in the article. Can you guess their meanings? Try to match them with the meanings below. (八下unit4 section B 2c) 有此类练习。

1)Keeps on happening continues

2)Physical exercise and practice of skills training

3)Worries about things at home, school or work stress

八下unit8 section A 3a 九年级unit8 section A 3b八下unit8 section A 3a 有此类练习。

(3)根据上下文猜测生词的含义。如:Use the clues from the passage to help you guess the meaning of the words in the box.(九年级unit4 section B 2d)

(4)利用同义语块整体记忆词汇。如:Complete the passage with proper

forms of the words and phrases in the box( 九年级unit4 section B 2e)

长此以往,学生会逐渐养成注意英语同义词、反义词及词性异而词根同的词,并形成把它们连贯起来记忆的习惯。例如,foolish一词与下列同义词或反义词可联系起来:slow、stupid、dull、dumb、intelligent等,还有与foolish一词词根相同而词性不同的词:fool(n.)、fool(v.)、foolish(adj.)、foolishly(adv.)等。但是也要注意同义词间的辨析。如:How much is this painting worth? Whats the value of the painting?

This painting is worth about 100,000yuan. The painting is valued at about 100,000 yuan. 对学生经常进行Paraphrase的训练,学生就会对同义表达在形式上的区别加以注意,可以深入透彻理解词义,从而达到掌握词汇及其用法的目的。同时,学生学习新词复习旧词,提高了单词的使用率。

2.灵活转换句式

新教材要求学生能正确使用复杂句式,若能准确掌握并熟练运用,将会大大提高我们的语言表达水平,使我们的句式不至于太过单调,达到形式多变、生动活泼的效果。帮助学生透视句子的深层结构,丰富句子的表层结构。学生在教师给出答案之前,大胆的开动脑筋把所学的句型灵活变换,天长日久,就可避免逐词逐句硬译难句的毛病,而且也有助于用英语想英语能力的发展,况且为掌握语言的用法打下坚实的基础。学生在学习过程中,自然而然会养成用英语来思维的好习惯。初始阶段教师的任务不是让学生尝试着自己用一个句子去解释另一个句子,而是能够将两个看似不同但意义近似或相同的句子相互匹配,并培养学生对如何以不同形式说出相同或相似意思的好奇心。

(1)单复句互相转换(九年级unit3 section A1c)

Excuse me , could you please tell me how to get to the bookstore?

Excuse me , could you please tell me how I can get to the bookstore?

David was so careless that he didn't find the mistakes in his test paper. (变为简单句)

David was__________careless_________find the mistakes in his test paper.

(2)语态转换(九年级unit5 section B1d)

There is an international kite festival there every April.

The international kite festival is held in April every year.

(3)语法成分位置的移动(九年级unit5 section B1d)

People from all over the world compete in kite flying.

The competitors at the festival are from all over the world.

(4)固定句式的转换

Jeff is less serious than most kids.(F) (八上unit3 section B 2c)

Im quieter and more serious than most kids.

Huang Lei isnt as good at tennis as Larry.(T)

We both like sports ,but he plays tennis better, so he always win.

Neither of us did any housework for a week. (八下unit3 section A 3b)

For one week, she didnt do any housework and neither did I.

(5)熟词生义(八下unit1 section A3b)

Some passengers helped to get the old man onto the bus. ( get 此处是沿……移动,艰难地移动 与move 同义)

Some passengers helped Mr. Wang to move the old man onto the bus.

(6)替换或增添连词

My mom came over as soon as I sat down in front of the TV. (八下unit3 section A3b)

The minute I sat down in front of the TV, my mom came over.

The sun shines straight into the Stonehenge as the stones were put in a special position. (九年级unit8 section B1d)

The large stones were put together in a certain way. On midsummers morning, the sun shines directly into the center of the stones.

3.践行整体教学

教学大纲中明确指出:“课文首先应作为整体教学”。也就是说课文教学中应从全篇内容着眼,既要防止只讲语言点而忽略通篇内容,也要避免只注重文章内容而忽视语言基础训练。课文教学在学生全面理解课文的基础上培养他们应用英语的能力。然而,学生在学习一些课文时,往往不理解整段或整篇文章的含义,出现“只见树木,不见森林”的问题。学生即使看几遍仍然感到不知所云。若能把paraphrase教学法渗透到阅读教学中,效果就不同了。在阅读教学中运用paraphrase进行语篇整体教学的优点在于帮助学生们理清思路,抓住细节,完整、系统地进行语篇阅读与理解,理解作者写作意图等,从而提高推理归纳能力,同时可以培养学生用英语进行思维的能力和提高学生的语言运用能力。

下面我就以(八下unit58 section B 2c& 2d)为例,谈谈笔者是如何在语篇教学中渗透paraphrase。

(1)Read the passage again and underline the main ideas. Then use the underlined text to write short answers to the questions below.

(2)Use the notes you made in 2c to write a short summary of the passage. Write no more than 100 words.

Main idea:

Para 1 Sarah is an American girl and she loves American country music

Para2 Country is a traditional kind of music from the southern states of America. However, country music brings us back to the “good old days” when people were kind to each other and trusted one another.

本文共三段。在阅读教学的导入及skimming 环节后,要求学生找出每段的topic sentence。然后鼓励学生用更简单的英语来paraphrase这三句,并引导学生注意关键动词。在这过程中,学生既运用英语,也训练了理解归纳能力,学生积极发言,很快给出了更明了的表达,即:

Sarah is an American girl who used to fight over almost everything with her family. While she was studying in England, she heard a country music song which made her think of her family and friends. She became a fan of country music. Country music is a traditional kind of music from the southern states of America.

同时,在多种paraphrase答案中感受到了英语表达的多样性。最重要的是体验到了运用英语的成就感。为课文的下一步阅读教学奠定了基础。此外,复述、改写、缩写、扩写等都是paraphrase在语篇教学中的运用,老师应采取多种paraphrase方式,来提高阅读教学的效果。

三、结论

总之,paraphrase在初中中阅读教学中的十分重要。培养学生的paraphrase能力,既能训练学生的理解能力,表达能力,逐步培养“用英语思维”的能力,还能让学生学以致用。 Paraphrase这种教学方法鼓励学生“用脑思考”, 充分激发了他们的潜能,发展心智,符合“素质教育”思想,值得提倡。

参考文献:

[1]新版人教版新目标学生用书.

[2]新版人教版新目标教师教学用书.

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