Exploration on the Characteristics and Important Relationships of Xi Jinping’s New Concept of Coordinated Economic Development

Huang Shaoqin, Sun Peng＊

Exploration on the Characteristics and Important Relationships of Xi Jinping’s New Concept of Coordinated Economic Development

Huang Shaoqin, Sun Peng＊

During the 18th CPC National Congress, Xi Jinping raised a series of economic development thoughts, namely the five new concepts of development; innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, and put forward a series of economic development thoughts including“people-centered”economic development. These are the new summations of the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the latest achievements in the theory of the political economics of socialism with Chinese characteristics.“People-centered”is both the starting point and final purpose of coordinated economic development, an accurate mastery of social and economic development rules, and also the foundation and specific manifestation of coordinated development between people and society. People’s subjectivity, coordinated inclusiveness and dialectics of development are the characteristics of coordinated economic development. Regional coordinated development, urbanrural coordinated development, industrial coordinated development, coordinated development of national defense and economic construction, supply and demand coordinated development, ecological coordinated development and interacted coordinated development of the global economy are the important relationships of coordinated economic development that we have to recognize and handle properly.

Xi Jinping’s new concept of coordinated development; new feature; important relationships

1. The origins of coordinated economic development theory by Xi Jinping

Marx’s Das Capital contains sufficient contents of coordinated development thoughts. Marx divided social production departments into Part I: department of production material and Part II: department of consumption material. Capital extended reproduction can only be realized if the total production material of Part I exceeds the requirements of Part I and Part II, namely I (c + v + m) 〉Ic + IIc. Of course, the formula is deduced under simple reproduction, which is I (v + m) = IIc. In the same way, it should also meet II (c + v + m) 〉I (v + m) + II (v + m), namely the total consumption material of Part II should exceed the requirements of Part I and Part II. First, besides the internal exchange of Part I and Part II, it should also satisfy the exchange between the two parts. It can be seen that the core condition of extended reproduction is the exchange between production material and consumption material.

During the socialist construction period, Chairman Mao Zedong explored the laws of socialist construction and raised ten relationships: (1) the relationship among heavy industry, light industry and agriculture; (2) the relationship between coastal industry and inland industry; (3) the relationship between economic construction and national defense construction; (4) the relationship among state, production unit and producer; (5) the relationship between the central and local governments; (6) the relationship between the Han nationality and the minority nationalities; (7) the relationship between party and non-party; (8) the relationship between revolution and non-revolution; (9) the relationship between right and wrong; and (10) the relationship between China and foreign countries. Every relationship contains a contradiction. In the ten relationships, Mao Zedong insists we should not only grasp the essence which is the principle contradiction, but also emphasizes the importance of coordination that we cannot neglect any parts. These thoughts are the important theoretic source of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The coordinated economic development thought of Deng Xiaoping is very rich. On the relationship between plan and market, he pointed out that, “The essential difference between socialism and capitalism does not lie in whether a planned economy accounts for more than a market economy. A planned economy does not equal socialism as capitalism also has plans. Neither does a market economy equal capitalism for socialism has a market too” (Deng, 1993, p. 373). On the construction of material and spiritual civilization, he stressed, “We neglected the development of productivity for a long time, so we should pay special attention to material civilization construction now. We should also build a socialist spiritual civilization at the same time. The most important thing is to help the majority of people share the dream of communism and to be moral, educated and disciplined. Both internationalism and patriotism are in the scope of spiritual civilization” (Deng, 1993, pp. 27—28). In the relationship between early and common prosperity, “Some regions develop first, some others develop slowly, and the developed regions will then help with the development of the developing regions and ultimately achieve common prosperity”(Deng, 1993, p. 374). Deng Xiaoping’s coordinated development thoughts indicated the direction to build an all-round well-off society and China’s socialist modernization construction also achieves great progress.

In his speech during the Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee, Jiang Zemin profoundly and systematically elaborated that we must have a correct understanding and properlyhandle the twelve important relationships in the construction of socialist modernization: (1) the relationship among reform, development and stability; (2) the relationship between speed and effectiveness; (3) the relationship between economic construction and population, resource and environment; (4) the relationship among first, second and tertiary industries; (5) the relationship between eastern regions and central and western regions; (6) the relationship between market mechanisms and macro control; (7) the relationship between the public owned economy and other economic sectors; (8) the relationship among the state, enterprises and individuals in income distribution; (9) the relationship between further opening-up and selfreliance; (10) the relationship between the central and local governments; (11) the relationship between economic construction and national defense construction; and (12) the relationship between material and spiritual civilization construction (Jiang, 2006, p.460─475). All these efforts managed to boost the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the new century.

In July 2013, during the National Working Conference on SARS Prevention and Control, Hu Jintao pointed out that coordinated development of an economic society should play a more important role. In November 2005, during the Second Plenary Session of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, Hu emphasized that we should unswervingly implement a Scientific Outlook on Development, and, “…lose no time in solving the essential problems that are related to the overall development, and strive to boost economic development in a fast and good way” (Hu, 2016, p.366). During the Central Economic Work Conference in 2006, Hu adjusted “boost economic development in a fast and good way” to “boost national economic development in a fast and good way” (Hu, 2016, p.545), which is a perfection of coordinated economic development thought.

2. Characteristics of Xi Jinping’s economic coordinated development theory

2.1 People’s subjectivity

Ever since Xi Jinping took part in politics, he has given much attention to the well-being of people. He braved the intense heat to visit the poor countryside when he was working in Fujian province; and he listened to the public opinions at a table on the street when he was working in Zhengding. After the 18th CPC National Congress, Xi Jinping has repeatedly pointed out that, “It is the starting point and final purpose of our work to help the people to live a good life” (Xi, 2016, p.213). “It is our goal to realize people’s dreams of a good life” (Xi, 2014, p. 3). The people-centered thoughts can also been seen from his theory of coordinated economic development. He also indicates, “Coordination is both the development method and the goal, and also the criterion and standard for development evaluation” (Xi, 2016, pp.133—134). It also includes the idea that economic development should insist on people-centered thoughts, and the masses are not only the creator of material wealth and spiritual wealth, but also the recipients of such development fruits. When he was working in Zhengding, Hebei, he also repeatedly emphasized the importance of talents. Talents are the intellectual support to realize the Chinese Dream. On the 95th Anniversary Conference of CPC Foundation, Xi Jinping pointed out, “We should come up with more talent-absorption methods, attract domestic and foreign talents in and out of the Party and unite as one, so as to create the good conditions that everyone is willing to, able to and strives to become a talent and perform their talents”(Xi, 2016). It is the requirement of the integrity of subject and object that we should encourage all thepeople to participate in socialist construction and improve people’s livelihoods and stimulate economic sustainable development. Xi Jinping also pointed out that, “The most fundamental and urging mission is to further release and develop social productive forces to establish an all-round well-off society, to realize socialist modernization and to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (Xi, 2014). The fundamental purpose to develop productive force lies in the realization of common wealth, which is the fundamental principle of socialism. Coordinated economic development is the inexorable requirement to achieve the fundamental purpose of socialism. During the symposium in Guizhou, Xi Jinping indicated, “It is the essential requirement of socialism to eliminate poverty, improve people’s livelihoods and realize common wealth” (Xi, 2016, p.219). The construction of an all-round well-off society should resolve the imbalance and uncoordinated development of China and compensate the shortcomings. “The realization of a well-off society depends on the fellow villagers.” For the people in poor areas, they should overcome poverty and shrink the income gap between the rich the and poor. When holding the 28th Collective Study of Central Political Bureau, Xi Jinping emphasized, “We should take the improvement of people’s welfare, promotion of people’s comprehensive development and common wealth as the starting point and fundamental purpose of economic development.”Then, coordination between human and nature also lies in the coordinated development theory, namely green development theory. We should protect the environment we live in while paying attention to economic development. We need both prosperous development and also a perfect environment, and we also need to boost the development of the economy while realizing the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. This is a great contribution to coordinated development theory and also the fundamental standpoint of Marxism political economics to achieve human development.

2.2 Coordinated inclusiveness

Xi Jinping’s coordinated economic development concept shows a great sense of inclusiveness. The coordination of economic development not only includes regional coordination and urban-rural coordination that we mentioned before, but also ecological coordinated development, social economic development, free and comprehensive coordinated development of people, and the interacted coordinated development of the global economy. Coordinated theory is one of the five development theories and permeated in other concepts, which fully proves the dialectical unification and the interwovenness of the five concepts. When it comes to the innovation concept, the core power, the implementation of innovation stimulated development strategy calls for creative enterprises and the guiding policies of government. At the same time, more attention should be paid to the integration of the first, second and tertiary industries. Green development concept is indeed a coordinated concept. Economic construction does not mean we just ignore the environment and resource protection, but to pursue the coordination between ecological nature and human society to protect our common homeland. While taking people as the center, coconstruction and sharing theory is also included in the coordinated concept. The coordination refers to the free and comprehensive development of people and the improvement of human society, that is to say the settlement of the contradiction between people’s increasing material and cultural demands and social production. Xi Jinping’s coordinated development theory is rich in content and shows characteristics of inclusiveness and diversity.

2.3 Developmental dialectics

Xi Jinping points out that coordination is theunification of the two-point theory and key theory, the balanced and the imbalanced development, and the weakness of development and potentiality. The concept contains the dialectical relationship of the unity of opposites. Everything is a unity of contradictions and the key lies in the balance between the contradictions. If we just focus on the current situation, we will miss the best opportunities for development and jeopardize future development. Only if we proceed from the whole situation and conduct systematic analysis can we make overall plans and take all factors into consideration. The coordinated development concept of “The 13th Five-Year Plan” should not only strength the top level design and develop as a whole, but also grasp the essential part. Standing on the high ground of overall construction of a well-off society, we should inspect and have a clear understanding of the weak points. As for the conspicuous problems, we should analyze them carefully based on two-point theory and key theory and then resolve them one after another, to achieve the construction of an all-round well-off society.

3. Exploration on the essential relationships of coordinated economic development

3.1 Regional coordinated development relationship

In Ten Major Relationships, Mao Zedong pointed out, “For the handling of coastal and inland relationships, we should take good advantage of and further develop the previous coastal industries to enable us to support the development of inland industry” (Mao, 1977, p.270). It is the fact that Mao Zedong understood the imbalance of regional economic development, therefore he indicated,“We should take more advantage of and develop coastal industries, especially the light industry” (Mao, 1977, p. 271). This marked the formation of Mao Zedong’s regional economy thoughts, which manifest the balanced and coordinated development concept. Under the background of Opening-Up, Deng Xiaoping raised “Two Overall Situations.”He indicated, “The coastal area should implement opening-up policy to develop the vast region with 200 million people rapidly, so as to facilitate better development of inland areas. This is a problem that concerns the overall situation. The inland area should take the overall situation into consideration. Conversely, the coastal area should also pay more attention to help the development of inland areas when the development reaches a certain degree, this is another overall situation” (Deng, 1933, p. 277—288). The eastern area enjoys good economic foundations and convenient geographical locations so it should develop first. From the special economic zones to coastal opening cities and then to coastal economic opening zones, the eastern area becomes prosperous with the policy support. As the national general productivity is not very high, the development of the eastern area makes a breach and leads the economic development of China. Jiang Zemin further implemented the opening-up policy. As for the increasing gap between the East and West, he seized the opportunity to make the decision that the coastal areas should serve for the development of the inland areas, which is the derivation of the West Development Strategy. The capital from the East helps to stimulate the development of the West, and the abundant natural resources of the West were delivered to the East and relieve the contradiction of energy deficiency. The complementation of East and West can narrow the regional development gap and also boost the economic development of the West. Guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, Hu Jintao further implemented regional coordinated development. With development in the East, Western Development and the Northeast arearevitalization plan made the regional development more coordinated and the development concept more scientific. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the leaders with Xi Jinping as the core, further implemented regional coordinated development with brand new governing concepts and extensive views. From Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei to the Yangtze Delta, from the Silk Road Economic Belt to the Maritime Silk Road, we established many economic circles with accurate thoughts and interacted cooperation, and we also overcame the administrative regional barriers with long-term thinking. From land to the sea, from coastal area to inland area and then to border area, we are even more skilled in regional coordinated development and also accelerate the maturation of the regional coordinated development concept. The coordinated development concept raised during The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee focused on the goal of constructing a well-off society in an all-around way in the “Thirteenth Five-year Plan.” When Xi Jinping was working in Zhejiang, he pointed out, “Macrocontrol should be conducted from the point of the overall situation” and, “We should view the problems from the perspective of the overall situation and the long term” (Xi, 2013, p. 25). The key point of an allround well-off society lies in “all-round,” that no part of China can be left behind. We should not only develop the East, but also the West to realize the goal of an all-round well-off society.

Regional coordinated development should form the layout for balanced development. From the perspective of domestic and international overall situation, Ten Major Relationships gave groundbreaking expounds regarding the relationships between coastal and inland areas and the base of the productivity layout of the entire country. “When shall I reach the top, all mountains in a single glance.” The only thing we can do is to smoothly implement regional coordinated development policy after overall planning. The Proposal of the CPC Central Committee on the Formulation of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (hereinafter referred to as Proposal) pointed out,“With regional development overall strategy as the base, and lead by the Belt and Road construction, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei synergetic development and the Yangtze River Economic Zones construction, we should form a longitudinal & traverse economic axial belt centered on the coastal and riverside economic belt” (Xi, 2014). This requires us to strengthen top-level design, build a macro-view and realize free flow of resources and equal availability of public service in regional coordinated development in the next five years.

First, we should positively promote the Belt and Road Initiative. The structure and level of opening-up is upgrading and China will always implement Opening-up policies. Second, urban groups are the important direction of regional combined development. We should accelerate the urban group construction of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and implement their respective advantages and realize the adjustment and optimization of factors. The development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban group can facilitate the economic development of the cities around Beijing and optimize the urban functions of Beijing. In addition, we should establish the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on the golden waterway. The riverside opening-up should be further promoted based on the transportation advantages and economic base of the riverside cities. Besides, we should further implement regional development of the East, Central, West and Northeast old industry base. The leading development of the East is attributed to the support of Opening-up policy. At the same time, it should also give consideration to inland and marine areas. Therefore, the Eastern coastal area shouldnot only play the role of “stores,” but also lead the inland area to go global with more products and resources to realize coordination between inland and coastal areas. The Central area should give play to its linkage superiority. Compared with the East, the Central is “West,” and compared with the West, the Central is “East.” Therefore, the Central should further promote the construction of central economic belts and improve overall competitiveness of regional economies based on urban groups and economic belts. Neighboring the East, it should serve as the production base of the East. It can only produce products with intellectual properties based on innovation and the improvement of original innovation, integrated innovation and introduction-absorption-innovation capacity. Facing the West, the Central should strengthen its cooperation with western energy and resources and encourage the Central enterprises to invest in the West. For the West, it should further implement the Western Development Strategy and take the great opportunity of the Belt and Road Initiative to strengthen and expand the Opening-up course of the West. The West should take full advantage of its premium agriculture products and abundant oil and gas resources to expand the course not only in the East and the Central but also around the world. As a potential area, the West should take the initiative of development. It can develop intimate relationships with the Central and the East and strengthen its business contacts with neighboring countries, so as to create conditions to shake off backwardness and establish a new vigorous West. We should cultivate new economic growth poles, establish a group of potential and promising middlesized and small cities and increase the support tothe Western poor areas. The Northeast area should further accelerate economic transformation, adjust industrial structure and change development models on the base of revitalizing the Northeast’s old industry base. We should start from the supply side to eliminate outdated production facilities and also develop emerging industries. We should brave the difficulties to break the bottleneck of transformation and upgrading in the Northeast. Finally, urban group development is the inevitable trend of future urban development. The Proposal pointed out, “We should implement the driving effect of urban groups, optimize the development of the three urban groups, namely Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta, and establish urban groups in the Northeast, Central China, and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the Chengdu-Chongqing region and the Guanzhong Plain.”①The Proposal of the CPC Central Committee on the Formulation of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. http:// house.people.com.cn/n/2015/1103/c164220- 27772642.html, 2015-11-03.With the goal of establishing world-level urban groups, these urban groups should serve as the leaders of China and the new engines of regional economic development. We should also focus on the establishment of key cities and key economic regions. This means we should build a group of key cities to improve their radiating and driving effect, and also establish the key economic regions that can support and lead the regional economic development according to practical conditions.

the Yangtze River Economic Belt

3.2 The Urban-rural coordinated development relationship

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee pointed out that we should pay attention to coordinated development of urban and rural area and rural development in the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan. The Proposal indicated, “We should expand the development space in rural areas, strengthen the element flow of public services and infrastructure between urban and rural areas, and further implement the specific measures of industry nurturing agriculture and city supporting villages.” We should endeavor to tilt the public facilities and services to rural areas and accelerate the connection of urban and rural industrial chains. We should build a beautiful countryside and improve the comprehensive management of the rural environment. This is not simply urbanization of rural areas, but improvement of the rural infrastructure level according to local condition, which would make the new type of urbanization more harmonious. Urban areas should improve the planning and construction level and perfect household registration system reform, which enable some peasants to settle down in cities and enjoy equivalent rights with urban citizens. We should also protect peasants’ land property and reasonably guide them to transfer lands at their own will.

At present, the poor areas are mostly allocated in remote rural areas. The poverty relief course is closely related to the overall construction of a welloff society. Coordinated development of urban and rural areas includes the anti-poverty course of poor districts. When Xi Jinping was working in Zhejiang, he said, “This is the only way to achieve a well-off society modernization and realize modernization. We can never step into a well-off society and realize modernization if we leave this problem unsolved”②The Proposal of the CPC Central Committee on the Formulation of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. http:// house.people.com.cn/n/2015/1103/c164220- 27772642.html, 2015-11-03.(Xi, 2013, p. 27). Anti-poverty work has always been the livelihood issue that the Party gives great attention. Although we have made great progress, there are still many people living in poverty. This is related to the overall construction of a well-off society. If we cannot solve the povertyproblem, it will affect the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Xi Jinping repeatedly mentioned that all-round well-off belongs to all Chinese people and that everyone should be engaged. Nowadays, we should increase support to poor areas and old revolutionary areas and give financial support to those weak regions. At the same time, when Xi Jinping was investigating in Heze, Shandong, he indicated, “We should focus on education which is the fundamental method to shake off poverty. Education and children are the priority that we should focus on” (Xi, 2015, p.30). We should strengthen the education support to the children in poor areas, and enable them to learn the knowledge necessary to change their own lives. Only in this way can we break the generational cycle of poverty. Now is the critical period to fully implement the accurate poverty relief policy to build the all-round well-off society that is our goal. If we cannot do the work accurately, some poor areas will be even poorer. The poverty relief work can only come into effect under the circumstance that we have this work done accurately. Just as Xi Jinping said, we should “take in-depth investigations to learn what people expect, and to have detailed knowledge of what people urgently need to accurately and fully implement the anti-poverty fund and policies for people in financial difficulties, and give support to the people and regions that need them most. ”①Xi Jinping’s Command on Poverty Relief. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- 11/24/c_128464091_2.htm, 2015-12-11Besides, the poverty relief course should change fundamentally from“blood transfusion” to “hemopoiesis,” which means we should depend on developing local industries in poor areas to shake off poverty. When Xi Jinping was working in Ningde, Fujian, he indicated, “We should explore an economic development road that suits local conditions to let the weak bird fly first, faster and higher” (Xi, 2014, p. 6), “the poor area can ‘fly first’ in certain fields based on its own efforts, policies and advantages to compensate for the disadvantages that caused the poverty” (Xi, 2014, p. 3).

3.3 Industrial coordinated development relationship

The industrial coordinated development relationship is related to the overall development of the economy. The backwardness of any industry will create difficulties for capital circulation. Therefore, we should not only consolidate the fundamental status of agriculture, but also guide the second and tertiary industries to high-grade, precision and advanced direction. In modern times, the development of agriculture calls for the assistance of secondary and tertiary industries. In Shake off Poverty, Xi Jinping said, “The thinking of big agriculture is related to industries the subsidize agriculture and industries that promote agriculture. First, increasing investments into agriculture would be a problem without certain amounts of financial strength, which derives from the industry. Second, reasonable adjustments of agriculture’s internal structure and the establishment of consumption markets for agricultural and side-line products calls for industry as the catalyzer” (Xi, 2014, p. 72). The development of modern agriculture should not only focus on the comprehensive development of agriculture and the development of various businesses based on local conditions, but also facilitate land transfers to strengthen collective economic development while implementing modern agriculture methods. We should identify local advantages, cultivate distinctive agricultural industries, bring innovation in refined processing technologies of agricultural products, increase added value of products and earn foreign exchanges through agricultural product exports.

3.4 Coordinated development relationships between national defense and economic construction

In Ten Major Relationships, Mao Zedong pointed out, “Military and administrative spending should be decreased to a proper proportion and economic construction spending should be increased. The national defense construction can make further progress after economic construction develops faster” (Mao, 1977, p. 271). Proper handling of the relationship between economic construction and national defense construction also has an important significance at the moment. Based on the inheritance and development of this thinking, Xi Jinping further implements the integrated development of economic construction and national defense construction. It is said in the Proposal. “We should promote the integrated development of economic construction and national defense construction. We should consider both development and security, unify a wealthy country and a powerful army together, and practice an integrated development strategy of military and civilian, so as to form a military and civilian integrated development structure with comprehensive factors, multiple fields and high efficiency.” The coordination of economic construction and national defense construction requires us to define the dialectical relationship between economic construction and national defense construction. Economic construction is the basis of national defense construction because we cannot provide financial and product support to national defense construction without economic development. National defense construction is the proof of economic construction that a powerful army can provide a peaceful development environment for the construction of a wealthy country. Backward nations tend to get beaten up. We can never neglect the importance of national defense construction when we are endeavoring to establish the well-off society in an all-round way. On the Central Military Commission Reform Working Conference from November 24 to November 26, 2015, Xi Jinping emphasized the comprehensive implementation of reforming and strengthening army strategy and sticking to the road of strengthening the army with Chinese characteristics. We should administer the army according to law and with severity, deepen the reform of power restraints and supervision systems, and eliminate the root of power corruption in the army. We should optimize the army structure and quality, and build a new kind of army that obeys the command of the Party and with excellent styles. We should also develop national defense technologies, facilitate talent cultivation, and improve informationization and mechanization levels to meet the requirements of national defense construction in the future. We should also establish a state-directed, requirement-guided, market-operated and military and civilian integrated operating system, which is the inevitable requirement to realize the in-depth integration of military and civilian construction. It will vitalize national defense construction and promote development of private enterprises. We should also establish a series of military and civilian integrated Innovation Demonstration Zones and also improve the coordination of technical products of military and civilian integrated enterprises.

3.5 Coordinated development relationships between supply and demand

During the opening ceremony for the G20 Business Summit, Xi Jinping indicated, “We should further promote structural reform of supply, resolve the principal contradiction in current economic development, improve the quality and efficiency of supply systems through optimization of element allocations and industrial structure adjustments, vitalize market vigor and facilitate coordinated development.” It is the general trend to develop structural reforms of supply. Currently, the demandincrease is sluggish, because the supply quantity should be improved. First, we should accelerate structural adjustments, optimize industrial supply structures, and manufacture marketable products. Second, we should compensate weaknesses, some enterprises are in overcapacity conditions but have small markets, while some market demands are big but the supply is short. Whether we emphasize the quantity or quality, we all aim to coordinate supply with demand. Structural reform of supply requires us to reduce productivity, stock, lever and cost and at the same time compensate weaknesses. The adjustment of productivity excess depends on the coordination with market demand, and the compensation of weaknesses depends on the coordination with industrial requirements. We should implement innovation driving development strategies, accelerate technical innovations and integrated innovations so as to provide premium service to the consumers. Structural reform of supply is also interdependent and dialectically unified in supply and demand. To take the question further, people’s demands for material and spirit decides the supply. The coordination work is for the fundamental benefits of people, which manifests the fact that the economic coordination is for the coordination of people and enables people to enjoy the benefits of development. At the same time, the implementation of structural reform of supply is also closely related to people. We make every endeavor to improve supply quality to meet the requirements of people and its final purpose is to boost consumption growth in the long term, which requires the participation of people. Therefore, the market vigor is deeply rooted in people and it is the most active factor of productivity. The comprehensive development of people and the coordinated development of society finally lie in economic coordinated development.

3.6 Ecological coordinated development

In Working in Front Row and in Practice, Xi Jinping has already mentioned, “We can become wealthy with a good environment, but we cannot buy a good environment with wealth,” “if we can turn the ecological environment advantages into ecological economic advantages like ecological agriculture, industry and tourism, we are able to turn the good environment into wealth” (Xi, 2013, p.197). The key point of sustainable development lies in the proper handling of the relationships between economic development and ecological protections. We can never follow the old way of management after pollution. The aftermath of blindly pursuing GDP growth can only be born by our future generations. To leave a good environment to our future generations is meritorious to the present age and favorable to our future. On August 22, 2016, when Xi Jinping was inspecting in Qinghai, he pointed out, “We should make correct resource strategies, improve top level designs and do well in development and utilization. Cyclic utilization is the requirement of economic development transformation that the entire nation should follow. Qinghai province should play an exemplary role in managing and implementing cyclic utilization. The resources in Qinghai province also belong to the entire nation and they should take overall consideration and make good use of resources under the prerequisite of environment protection.”①Xi Jinping’s Inspection work in Qinghai. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-08/22/c_129248346.htm, 2016-08-22During the opening ceremony of the G20 Business Summit, Xi Jinping indicated, “The promotion of green development is aimed to proactively cope with both climate change and overcapacity.” Economic development and ecological protection are not mutually exclusive, but a unity of opposites. The proper handling of these two factors requires us to change our traditional development concepts,improve the quality and efficiency, and also develop reasonably. We should protect the environment when developing and make the economy greener through protection work. The raw material of economic development comes from nature. We can only achieve the sustainable development of the Chinese nation if we respect and protect nature.

3.7 Coordinated development relationship with global economy

Coordinated economic development can be narrowed in a single country or expanded to the interacted inclusiveness of the global economy. It is the inevitable requirement of cooperation and win-win trend to realize coordinated development of national economies and share the economic fruits. In his speech to the G20 Summit, Xi Jinping emphasized, “The development of every country is interconnected and no country is immune under economic globalization. It is the inevitable choice to conduct coordinated cooperation.” We are not willing to develop alone, but to develop with the entire world. We want to conduct mutual, beneficial, win-win cooperation with developed countries and also help the developing countries catch up with the global trend. The global economy and people around the world should share common prosperity. Xi Jinping also pointed out, “All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, should be treated equally. We should develop ourselves and also help with the development of other countries. It is really fine that everyone is fine” (Xi, 2016). We should treasure the hard-earned peaceful environment. Every country should devote itself to establishing an inclusive and inter-exchanged community of destiny. Based on the Belt and Road Initiative, we should strengthen national linkage, search common interests in opening-up, continuously broaden cooperation fields, deepen cooperation content and make every country a shining pearl to connect with the global economy.

3.8 Relationships between economic development and people’s comprehensive coordinated development

The key point of construction of an all-round well-off society lies in “all-round.” The coordination of social development is the inevitable requirement of adaptation between economic development and the material and cultural demands of the people. Xi Jinping repeatedly emphasized that it is our starting point and final purpose to have the people live a good life. The people-centered concept is also in line with the coordinated development concept. We should establish an overall viewpoint in spiritual and material civilization to help every person live a well-off life and realize their dreams. The welloff society is not coordinated or comprehensive if the economy develops but the people are not happy. From this point of view, the in-depth connotation of coordination should take people as the center. The fruits of reform and development should be shared by the broad masses to help the people in poor area become richer and also accumulate energy for new economic development. The masses are the main contributor and creator of history. The creation of material wealth is inseparable with people’s work. From the New-Democratic Revolution to the socialism construction period, from poverty and struggling development to the forefront of economic status in the world, the great power generated by the people has always been the source of power for our economic development.

We consciously recognized that regional economic coordinated development, industrial coordinated development, economic development and people’s comprehensive coordinated development, people and society’s coordinated development and the interacted coordinated development of the global economy are dialectical unities. Xi Jinping pointed out, “We should learn to use dialectic methods, deal with the relationshipsbetween the parts and the overall situation, current and long-term, focal point and non-focal point, put forth efforts for regional coordinated development, urban-rural coordinated development, material and spiritual civilization coordinated development, and promote integration development of economic construction and national defense construction.”In practice, it is shown as follow: Establish the overall concept of economic development, realize continuous and healthy economic development, put the coordinated development concept on the masses, which is the key point, and allow the masses to share. Economic coordination is the basis of social and human coordinated development, and human development is the core direction of economic development. The two parties are closely related and must be mutually promoted.

Release and development of productive forces and common prosperity cannot be achieved without comprehensive and coordinated development. Xi Jinping’s persistence in the new concept of coordinated development and utilization of coordinated development in social development and human development fields are the accurate mastery of social and economic development rules. It shows epochal features of Xi Jinping’s “people-centered”economic development theory and practice, enriches the Marxism political economics theories, and is also the new contribution to the socialism political economic theories and practices with Chinese characteristics. We firmly believe that we can accelerate the process of the construction of an allround well-off society and realize the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation under the guidance of the peoplecentered coordinated development concept．

(Translator: Wu Hao; Editor: Yan Yuting)

This paper has been translated and reprinted with the permission of Reformation & Strategy, No.2, 2017.

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*Huang Shaoqin, professor, Guangxi Teachers Education University. Sun Peng, Guangxi Teachers Education University.

*Fundation item: Development economics research base project of Guangxi (Project number: 2017RFJD01)