miR—150在肿瘤发生发展中作用机制研究进展

2017-12-19 19:03屈潇秦环龙
中国医药导报 2017年32期
关键词:大肠癌胰腺癌靶向

屈潇++++++秦环龙

[摘要] 微小RNA(miRNA)是一类长度为19~25个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA,可在转录后水平影响细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等生物学功能,在肿瘤发生发展中起着重要调节作用。近年来,研究发现microRNA-150(miR-150)在大肠癌、肺癌及胰腺癌等恶性肿瘤中表达异常,并通过多种分子机制促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭及转移。因此,miR-150有望成为肿瘤精准诊断和治疗的候选分子标志物。本文通过对miR-150在不同肿瘤中生物学作用进行综述,进而为其临床转化提供理论依据和新思路。

[关键词] miR-150;肿瘤;分子诊断;预后;靶向治疗

[中图分类号] R73 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)11(b)-0019-04

[Abstract] MicroRNA (miRNA) is defined as one kind of small endogenous noncoding RNA with a length of 19-25 nucleotides. At the post-transcriptional level, miRNA can influence the biological function of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis etc. Also, miRNA plays an important role in regulating the development of tumor and chronic disease. The recent studies have shown that microRNA-150 (miR-150) abnormally expressed in all kinds of malignant tumors involving colon, lung and pancreas. Through a variety of molecular mechanisms, miR-150 can promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, miR-150 is expected to be a candidate marker for accurate diagnosis and treatment of tumors. This article will review the biological role of miR-150 in different tumors, thus providing theoretical basis and new opinions to its clinical transformation.

[Key words] Mir-150; Tumor; Diagnosis; Prognosis; Treatment

微小RNA(miRNA)是一類长度为19~25个核苷酸的内源性小分子非编码单链RNA。这些分子通过与靶基因mRNA的3′非翻译编码区(3′-untranslated region,3′-UTR)互补配对,降解或者抑制mRNA翻译,从而在转录后水平调控mRNA表达[1-2]。最近研究表明,miRNA调节许多细胞功能,包括增殖、分化、凋亡、信号转导等[1,3-4]。细胞的增殖和分化受到异常调控将引起癌症[5]。miRNA与癌症关系密切,至少有50%miRNA在多种癌症中异常表达。作为转录后调控因子,miRNA通过直接与靶基因mRNA结合发挥致癌或抑癌作用。目前已有79种miRNA被证实为多种肿瘤血浆或血清生物标志物,如前列腺癌、大肠癌、肺癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、卵巢癌等[6-7]。因此,miRNA可作为一种潜在生物标志物,用于多种癌症的分子诊断、靶向治疗及预后监测[8-9]。其中,miR-150的异常表达与多种癌症的发生发展、预后以及疗效密切相关,可作为一种有价值的生物标志物[10-11]。本文通过总结miR-150在相关肿瘤中的生物学作用机制和临床意义,为其进一步临床转化提供理论基础。

1 miR-150和癌症

miR-150定位于人类染色体19q13.33上,它最初被发现在T淋巴细胞、单核细胞以及巨噬细胞中高表达,作为重要的造血细胞特异性miRNA,在许多造血细胞系的分化中起关键作用,特别是在淋巴细胞发育和功能中意义重大,miR-150具有在各种造血细胞恶性肿瘤中用作诊断治疗及预后标志的潜力[12-13]。而其表达失调与多种癌症发生、感染以及自身免疫疾病密切相关。在诸多肿瘤组织中miR-150表达异常,它是一种在癌症发生发展中发挥重要作用的小分子介质,与癌症的治疗和预后密切相关。

1.1 miR-150与大肠癌

Ma等[14]发现miR-150表达水平在大肠癌中较正常大肠细胞明显降低。进一步临床大样本分析,从239例大肠癌患者肿瘤和癌旁组织中通过qRT-PCR检测miR-150表达,发现大肠癌组织中miR-150表达水平明显低于正常组织,且miR-150低水平表达的大肠癌患者生存期明显缩短,对化疗的反应性差且生存率低。相反,上调miR-150表达水平可以显著抑制大肠癌LOVO细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡并抑制细胞迁移和侵袭,miR-150通过抑制下游靶基因c-myb发挥抑癌作用[15]。Gattolliat等[16]也通过miRNA阵列以及RT-PCR验证miR-150参与大肠癌进展,在大肠癌样本中miR-150表达水平显著下调。这些结果表明,miR-150可以被认为是与大肠癌相关的预后及治疗的潜在生物标志物。并且,miR-150在大肠癌患者外周血中表达含量显著降低,这为大肠癌非侵袭性诊断提供新思路。并且,miR-150鉴别大肠癌的真阳性率较已知的癌胚抗原及CA199高,而且其敏感性也较好[17]。因此,miR-150有希望作为大肠癌新型非侵袭诊断标志物及治疗靶点。endprint

1.2 miR-150与肺癌

Yanaihara等[18]通过miRNA芯片检测发现,miR-150在非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell carcinoma,NSC?鄄LC)患者的肿瘤细胞中高表达。进一步组织验证,Zhang等[19]发现miR-150在肿瘤组织中表达异常上调,其机制可能通过靶向结合p53的3′-UTR来促进肿瘤细胞增殖[20],这进一步验证了miR-150的表达水平与NSCLC的增殖调控密切相关。miR-150、P53蛋白和其他相关miRNA 组成了NSCLC发生发展中的一个复杂调控网络,共同影响肿瘤细胞周期进程[21]。肌肉瘤病毒基因(sarcoma gene,SRC)是一类癌基因,在许多癌症中过度表达或异常激活[22-23]。研究证实miR-150可以与SRC激酶信号抑制剂1靶向结合,引发SRC/黏附斑激酶和SRC/RAS/细胞外信号调节激酶通路激活,最终促进NSCLC中A549细胞系的增殖和迁移[24]。此外,miR-150与NSCLC的转移、侵袭以及临床分期关系密切。已有文献报道,miR-150靶向结合FOXO4基因的3′-UTR区,进而诱导肿瘤细胞发生EMT,最终促进肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移,提示miR-150可作为提示临床肺癌患者发生转移的预警标志物[25]。Yin等[26]通过对167例NSCLC患者进行回顾性研究发现,miR-150表达水平与淋巴结转移,远处转移和临床TNM分期显著相关,且miR-150高表达患者5年生存率明显低于低表达患者。综上所述,在肺癌发生发展中miR-150扮演着促癌因子角色,因而精准靶向抑制miR-150在肺癌细胞中表达水平有望成为肺癌靶向治疗新方向。

1.3 miR-150与胰腺癌

Rachagani等[27]通过构建自发性肿瘤小鼠模型发现,miR-150低表达可能与胰腺癌发生发展有关。进一步研究发现,miR-150过表达可有效抑制胰腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭以及转移,且确认靶基因为黏蛋白抗原4(MUC4)[28]。另一项研究发现,过表达miR-150可下调靶基因c-myb并抑制下游IGF-1R和Bcl-2轉录,进而诱导胰腺癌细胞凋亡[29]。胰腺星型细胞被认为与胰腺癌及胰腺慢性炎症发生发展密切相关,研究者通过miR-150芯片和生物信息学分析发现miR-150低表达可能通过激活胰腺星型细胞促进胰腺癌恶性进展[30]。在临床样本验证中,胰腺癌患者的全血miR-150表达水平明显低于健康对照人群,表明循环miR-150可作为胰腺癌早期非侵袭诊断的重要指标[31]。而肿瘤组织中miR-150低表达水平可以用于预测胰腺癌患者术后临床转归[32]。由此可见,在胰腺癌中miR-150通过多种途径发挥抑癌作用。对miR-150低表达胰腺癌患者靶向补充miR-150可能改善其预后,有研究发现,miR-150纳米制剂合成药物作用于胰腺癌细胞可使miR-150在细胞内有效传递,引起其靶基因MUC4显著下调,并影响下游信号传导,抑制胰腺癌细胞生长、克隆形成、迁移及侵袭[33]。这为胰腺癌的临床治疗提供了新的治疗方法,也为其他肿瘤的治疗提供了新的思路。

1.4 miR-150与肝癌

与相邻的非癌组织相比,miR-150在原发性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)组织中显著下调[34]。Sun等[35]通过对84对HCC组织和癌旁正常肝组织进行验证,发现miR-150表达水平与肿瘤大小、静脉侵袭、肿瘤转移显著相关,且低表达患者预后较差。在HCC中,miR-150可靶向结合GAB1并抑制其表达,随后降低磷酸化ERK1/2的蛋白表达,进而抑制肿瘤细胞发生EMT,最终发挥抑癌效应。miR-150的过表达可抑制HCC细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移。近80%的HCC患者与乙肝病毒感染有关,而乙肝病毒相关的HCC患者的血清miR-150水平较健康对照组明显降低[36]。而且,血清miR-150可以区分HCC患者与慢性乙型肝炎患者,它产生的ROC曲线下面积为0.881(95%CI:0.837~0.926),其灵敏性及特异性都较高,分别为79.1%和76.5%[37],由此可见,miR-150有望成为乙型肝炎病毒相关性肝细胞癌的新型诊断生物标志物。

1.5 miR-150与胃癌

研究发现胃癌患者在染色体19q13上出现了该位点的扩增,该基因座的扩增可能由于miR-150的表达增加而导致的[38]。Wu等[39]进一步验证,miR-150在胃癌中表达水平较正常人高,miR-150的高表达在体内和体外实验中均促进胃癌细胞的增长,并且通过生物信息学分析,进一步确定早期生长反应蛋白2(EGR2)是miR-150的靶标。Smid等[40]对54个化疗后患者进行研究发现,miR-150高表达提示更短的无病进展期以及更低的总体生存率,而且细胞功能学研究表明miR-150高表达可以促进胃癌细胞对顺铂的耐药性并且增强癌细胞的侵袭能力。在胃癌的发生中,幽门螺杆菌感染是胃癌的主要致病因素,主要原因是幽门螺杆菌可以诱导DNA损伤并抑制DNA错配修复[41-43]。Santos等[44]发现,在幽门螺杆菌相关胃癌发生中,miR-150过表达,可靶向调控DNA错配修复基因(POLD3)表达,降低其表达含量,这为幽门螺杆菌相关胃癌提供了新的治疗靶点。因此,在胃癌中,miR-150作为促癌因素,不仅可以作为潜在的治疗靶点,还可以用于预测患者姑息性化疗的效果进而有利于更精准地制订个体化治疗方案。

2 结论和展望

目前,miRNA在肿瘤发生发展过程中的关键作用已引起越来越多关注。miR-150作为miRNA家族一员在许多肿瘤中的临床意义和生物学特性已得到了较为透彻的研究,并且循环miR-150水平可以用于肿瘤诊断或预后评估,但是目前仍存在,诸多问题。首先,miR-150在不同肿瘤中所发挥的促癌或抑癌作用不同,其作用机制需要进一步阐明。其次,不同肿瘤中miR-150的临床意义有待进一步确认。另外,循环miR-150和组织中miR-150在肿瘤早期诊断及预后评估中的功效需要后续多中心大样本验证。最后,随着生物材料技术的进步,越来越多的药物载体应用于肿瘤靶向治疗的研发。因此,是否能够构建安全稳定的载体来精准靶向补充肿瘤细胞中的miR-150,进而改善miR-150低表达患者的临床转归仍是未来需要解决的关键问题之一。然而,循环miR-150作为临床生物标志物的使用可能面临一些技术挑战,例如,血液的稀释效应可能限制每单位体积的起始miRNA的含量,而细胞碎屑和溶血可能潜在的影响检测的重复性和敏感性,而且目前还没有统一miR-150作为某种疾病的标志物,因此,需要进一步深入研究miR-150在各种相关疾病中的作用机制。总之,随着对miR-150研究的不断深入,miR-150具有很大潜力被进一步临床转化用作肿瘤生物标志物、靶向治疗药物和癌症预后指标。endprint

[參考文献]

[1] Bartel DP. MicroRNAs:target recognition and regulatory functions [J]. Cell,2009,136(2):215-233.

[2] Iorio MV,Croce CM. Microrna involvement in human cancer [J]. Carcinogenesis,2012,33(6):1126-1133.

[3] Bartel DP. MicroRNAs:genomics,biogenesis,mechanism,and function [J]. Cell,2004,116(2):281-297.

[4] Slack FJ,Weidhaas JB. MicroRNAs as a potential magic bullet in cancer [J]. Future Oncol,2006,2(1):73-82.

[5] Jansson MD,Lund AH. MicroRNA and cancer [J]. Mol Oncol,2012,6(6):590-610.

[6] Schwarzenbach H,Nishida N,Calin GA,et al. Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer [J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2014,11(3):145-156.

[7] Pritchard CC,Kroh E,Wood B,et al. Blood cell origin of circulating microRNAs:a cautionary note for cancer biomarker studies [J]. Cancer Prev Res(Phila),2012,5(3):492-497.

[8] Mohammadi A,Mansoori B,Baradaran B. The role of microRNAs in colorectal cancer [J]. Biomed Pharmacother,2016,84:705-713.

[9] Slack FJ,Weidhaas JB. MicroRNA in cancer prognosis [J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(25):2720-2722.

[10] Jiang X,Huang H,Li Z,et al. Blockade of miR-150 maturation by MLL-fusion/MYC/LIN-28 is required for MLL-associated leukemia [J]. Cancer Cell,2012,22(4):524-535.

[11] Watanabe A,Tagawa H,Yamashita J,et al. The role of microRNA-150 as a tumor suppressor in malignant lymphoma [J]. Leukemia,2011,25(8):1324-1334.

[12] Allantaz F,Cheng DT,Bergauer T,et al. Expression profiling of human immune cell subsets identifies miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships correlated with cell type specific expression [J]. PLoS One,2012,7(1):e29979.

[13] He Y,Jiang X,Chen J,et al. The role of miR-150 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis [J]. Oncogene,2014,33(30):3887-3893.

[14] Ma Y,Zhang P,Wang F,et al. miR-150 as a potential biomarker associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colorectal cancer [J]. Gut,2012,61(10):1447-1453.

[15] Feng J,Yang Y,Wang F,et al. miR-150 functions as a tumour suppressor in human colorectal cancer by targeting c-Myb [J]. J Cell Mol Med,2014,18(10):2125-2134.

[16] Gattolliat CH,Uguen A,Pesson M,et al. MicroRNA and targeted mRNA expression profiling analysis in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas [J]. Eur J Cancer,2015,51(3):409-420.

[17] Ogata-Kawata H,Izumiya M,Kurioka D,et al. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers of colon cancer [J]. PLoS One,2014,9(4):e92 921.endprint

[18] Yanaihara N,Caplen N,Bowman E,et al. Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis [J]. Cancer Cell,2006,9(3):189-198.

[19] Zhang N,Wei X,Xu L. miR-150 promotes the proliferation of lung cancer cells by targeting P53 [J]. FEBS Lett,2013,587(15):2346-2351.

[20] Li YJ,Zhang YX,Wang PY,et al. Regression of A549 lung cancer tumors by anti-miR-150 vector [J]. Oncol Rep,2012,27(1):129-134.

[21] Wang DT,Ma ZL,Wang YQ,et al. miR-150,p53 protein and relevant miRNAs consist of a regulatory network in NSCLC tumorigenesis [J]. Oncol Rep,2013,30(1):492-498.

[22] Johnson FM,Gallick GE. SRC family nonreceptor tyrosine kinases as molecular targets for cancer therapy [J]. Anticancer Agents Med Chem,2007,7(6):651-659.

[23] Rothschild SI,Gautschi O,Haura EB,et al. Src inhibitors in lung cancer:current status and future directions [J]. Clin Lung Cancer,2010,11(4):238-242.

[24] Cao M,Hou D,Liang H,et al. miR-150 promotes the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells by targeting SRC kinase signalling inhibitor 1 [J]. Eur J Cancer,2014,50(5):1013-1024.

[25] Li H,Ouyang R,Wang Z,et al. MiR-150 promotes cellular metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting FOXO4 [J]. Sci Rep,2016,6:39 001.

[26] Yin QW,Sun XF,Yang GT,et al. Increased expression of microRNA-150 is associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer [J]. Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2015,8(1):842.

[27] Rachagani S,Macha MA,Menning MS,et al. Changes in microRNA(miRNA)expression during pancreatic cancer development and progression in a genetically engineered KrasG12D;Pdx1-Cre mouse(KC)model [J]. Oncotarget,2015,6(37):40 295.

[28] Srivastava SK,Bhardwaj A,Singh S,et al. MicroRNA-150 directly targets MUC4 and suppresses growth and malignant behavior of pancreatic cancer cells [J]. Carcinogenesis,2011,32(12):1832-1839.

[29] Farhana L,Dawson MI,Murshed F,et al. Upregulation of miR-150* and miR-630 induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by targeting IGF-1R [J]. PLoS One,2013,8(5):e61015.

[30] Masamune A,Nskano E,Hamada S,et al. Alteration of the microRNA expression profile during the activation of pancreatic stellate cells [J]. Scand J Gastroenterol,2014, 49(3):323-331.

[31] Schultz NA,Dehlendorff C,Jensen BV,et al. MicroRNA biomarkers in whole blood for detection of pancreatic cancer [J]. Jama,2014,311(4):392-404.

[32] Lee KH,Lee JK,Choi DW,et al. Postoperative prognosis prediction of pancreatic cancer with seven microRNAs [J]. Pancreas,2015,44(5):764-768.endprint

[33] Arora S,Swaminathan SK,Kiratane A,et al. Synthesis,characterization,and evaluation of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)-based nanoformulation of miRNA-150: potential implications for pancreatic cancer therapy [J]. Int J Nanomedicine,2014,9:2933-2942.

[34] Di Masi A,Viganotti M,Antoccia A,et al. Characterization of HuH6,Hep3B,HepG2 and HLE liver cancer cell lines by WNT/beta-catenin pathway,microRNA expression and protein expression profile [J]. Cell Mol Biol(Noisy-le-grand),2010,56 Suppl:1299-1317.

[35] Sun W,Zhang Z,Wang J,et al. MicroRNA-150 suppresses cell proliferation and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the GAB1-ERK axis [J]. Oncotarget,2016,7(10):11 595-11 608.

[36] Xie Y,Yao Q,Butt AM,et al. Expression profiling of serum microRNA-101 in HBV-associated chronic hepatitis,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Cancer Biol Ther,2014,15(9):1248-1255.

[37] Yu F,Lu Z,Chen B,et al. microRNA-150:a promising novel biomarker for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Diagn Pathol,2015,10(1):129.

[38] Katada T,Ishiguro H,Kuwabara Y,et al. microRNA expression profile in undifferentiated gastric cancer [J]. Int J Oncol,2009,34(2):537-542.

[39] Wu Q,Jin H,Yang Z,et al. MiR-150 promotes gastric cancer proliferation by negatively regulating the pro-apoptotic gene EGR2 [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,392(3):340-345.

[40] Smid D,Kulda V,Srbecka K,et al. Tissue microRNAs as predictive markers for gastric cancer patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy [J]. Int J Oncol,2016,48(6):2693-2703.

[41] Kim JJ,Tao H,Carloni E,et al. Helicobacter pylori impairs DNA mismatch repair in gastric epithelial cells [J]. Gastroenterology,2002,123(2):542-553.

[42] Park DI,Park SH,Kim SH,et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on the expression of DNA mismatch repair protein [J]. Helicobacter,2005,10(3):179-184.

[43] Machado AM,Figueiredo C,Touati E,et al. Helicobacter pylori infection induces genetic instability of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in gastric cells [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(9):2995-3002.

[44] Santos JC,Brianti MT,Almedia VR,et al. Helicobacter pylori infection modulates the expression of miRNAs associated with DNA mismatch repair pathway [J]. Mol Carcinog,2017,56(4):1372-1379.endprint

猜你喜欢
大肠癌胰腺癌靶向
胰腺癌治疗为什么这么难
如何判断靶向治疗耐药
MUC1靶向性载紫杉醇超声造影剂的制备及体外靶向实验
毛必静:靶向治疗,你了解多少?
STAT1和MMP-2在胰腺癌中表达的意义
大肠癌组织中EGFR蛋白的表达及临床意义
FAP与E-cadherinN-cadherin在大肠癌中的表达及相关性研究
早诊早治赶走胰腺癌
靶向超声造影剂在冠心病中的应用
中西医结合护理晚期胰腺癌46例