解非谓语动词题的三个步骤

2018-01-22 00:14石娟
高中生学习·高二版 2017年11期
关键词:主句分词连词

石娟

我们先来看一下2017年的部分高考真题:

1. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by eating (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

2. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) This included digging up the road, 63 (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.

3. (2017·浙江卷) Sixteen years earlier (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring, 61 , (cook) a meal.

4. (2017·江蘇卷) Many Chinese brands, _______(develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.

5. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.

答案 1. is;2. laying;3. cooking;4. having developed;5. turning→turn。

作为考点,高考对非谓语动词的考查旨在检验同学们能否分辨某个动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,如果它是非谓语动词,在句子中作什么成分,与逻辑主语是什么关系。解决此类题目,只需分三步走。

[明确身份]

首先我们要利用“有无”连词原则确定是谓语还是非谓语。一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词,若句中存在两个或两个以上的谓语动词,则应用连词连接成复合句;若句中无连词,则多余的动词应采用非谓语动词形式。简言之,有连词,用谓语动词;无连词,用非谓语动词。下面我们来判断以上动词是不是属于非谓语。

通过分析句子主干,我们不难发现第2,3,4句中都有自己的谓语动词。

那么在没有连词的情况下,括号里的动词必须是进行非谓语的变形。而在第1题中,句子主干是没有任何动词的,那么动词be就必须是这句话的谓语动词了。现在我们来强化训练一下,以下哪些空里的动词需要用非谓语的形式呢?

6. (2017·天津卷改编) The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _______ (allow) more patients to be treated.

7. (2017·浙江卷) Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.

8. (2017·北京卷改编) Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _______ (save) their valuable time.

解析 allowing;searched;to save。要进行非谓语动词变形的是第6、8题。因为这两句话中都有自己的谓语动词,即标粗部分,然后整句话中又没有任何连词,所以要用非谓语的形式。而题7通过句子分析没有找到谓语动词,所以search就是谓语。第6题中的allowing是现在分词在句中做结果状语,第8题中的to earn是动词不定式作目的状语。

[确定语态]

确定是非谓语之后,我们就要判断非谓语动词在句中的成分和作用(确定逻辑主语&语态)了。如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系则用现在分词或不定式的主动式;若为动宾关系则用现在分词形式或不定式的被动式及过去分词。另外,非谓语动词在句中充当的成分不同,它对应的逻辑的主语的位置也不同。

(2017·北京卷) The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants. (非谓语充当定语,逻辑主语是主句的宾语)

(2017·天津卷) Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now. (非谓语充当状语,逻辑主语是主句的主语)

(2016·上海卷) As I squeezed back into the car, I saw the same lady looking in at me. (非谓语充当宾语补足语,逻辑主语是主句的宾语)

我们来看一组对比题:

Seen from the top of the mountain, our house looks like a car.

Seeing from the top of the mountain, I felt our house looks like a car.

To see it more clearly, they came up and got close to it. (动词不定式表示目的)endprint

See from the top of the mountain, and you will find the city more beautiful.

[確定时态]

非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前时,用过去分词、现在分词或不定式的完成式(主动:having done/to have done;被动:done/having been done/to have been done)。

如果两者同时进行,用现在分词形式或不定式的进行式(主动:doing;被动:being done)。

如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后,用不定式的一般式(主动:to do;被动:to be done)。

The question ______ (discuss) now at the meeting is very important.

The question _______ (discuss)at the meeting last week is very important.

The question _______ (discuss) at at the meeting next week is very important.

_______ (tell) many times, he still couldnt understand it.

经过分析不难得出答案:being discussed; discussed; to be discussed; Having been told。

[相关知识]

除了以上步骤,我们还必须掌握:

1. 现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别:现在分词表示自然而然的结果;不定式表示意想不到的结果,其前常加only。试比较:

The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing the mountain in golden light.

Axiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didnt fit.

2. 有些过去分词源于系表结构,分词已经形容词化,直接作非谓语。

Absorbed in his novel, he didnt notice what was happening around him.

Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car.

The girl seated beside me looked so excited at the news.

常见的分词作形容词的短语有be addicted to,be buried in,be devoted to,be faced with,be dressed in,be excited about,be interested in,be tired of等。endprint

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