七选五阅读的解题步骤与微技能

2018-10-09 07:40李格利
广东教育·高中 2018年7期
关键词:指代空格代词

李格利

阅读七选五主要考查考生对文章整体内容、结构以及上下文逻辑的理解和掌握。在一篇约300词的短文中留出5个空白,要求考生从所给的七个选项中选出最佳选项,使补足后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

除2017年全国Ⅰ卷是记叙文外,其余均为说明文。历年全国Ⅰ卷的七选五的选项一般为完整句且句末用句号,但2018年却有两空不是完整句子,而是从句,空格后为逗号,因此,七个选项均无标点,且有三个为从句。选项一般由短到长依次排列。

解题步骤

第一步,略读全文,理清文脉, 把握主旨。

在做七选五阅读时,首先要略读全文,特别是首尾段,大小标题或每段的首尾句,大致弄清文章结构,把握文章的中心或主旨,明确解题的大致方向。进行语篇分析时,一是分析段落之间的层次;二是分析每个段落内部的层次。

第二步,重点阅读前后句,划出关键词。

重点阅读空格附近的句子,特别是空格前一句或后一句,因為选项与前后句之间的逻辑关系是确定答案的主要依据。阅读前后句时,要圈定重点词,特别是名词、代词和动词。

第三步,对比各个选项,有词重复重点看。

在阅读完空格前后句之后,接着浏览各个选项,凡发现与前后句有相同词语的选项,包括有同根词、同义词的选项,很可能是答案,需格外重视,可将其代入检验是否为正确答案。

如发现空格前后句或选项中有代词,要弄清指代对象,根据指代关系确定正确选项。

此外,要根据空格前后句或选项之间的逻辑关系,意义上的前后衔接来确定正确选项。

第四步,划掉正确选项,缩小选择范围。

每选出一个正确选项后,在七个选项中将其划掉,为其余各题缩小选择范围。

如果有题目拿不准,不要把宝贵的时间耗在一道题上,在一棵树上吊死。先放过此题,继续往下做,把容易的题目做完,再返回来攻克难题。此时的备选项已经缩小范围,选择起来难度自然小得多。

第五步,代入原文,复读短文,核对答案。

做完所有题目后,为了保证答案的正确性,一定要把答案代入原文,进行核对检查。看内容上、逻辑上是否通顺连贯。

解题微技能

在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子,正确理解了这些句子后,根据意思的连贯性、逻辑性或者线索词从选项中选出正确答案。具体有以下几个微技能。

1. 根据代词指代解题

当选项或者空格前后出现代词,一定要重视,往往是解题的超级线索。出现代词,就说明前文中有代词指代的具体人或事物。利用这一线索,解答题目就相当简单。如:

(2017年全国Ⅰ卷) 39 We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

解析:空格后句中有代词we和it两个代词,分别指什么?其指代内容一定在前文,即该空的正确选项中。浏览各选项,只有选项F正确,因为we指代my family,it指代camping,其余选项找不到与we和it都能匹配的内容。

2. 根据标点符号解题

如果选项后是逗号,其后是句子且句前又没有连词,正确选项应是从句或短语。如:

(2018年全国Ⅰ卷)Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 , they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

解析:本题后是逗号,其后为句子且没有连词,正确选项应是短语或从句。七个选项中只有A, B, C三个选项符合,据此大大缩小范围。再根据代词指代,选项A中的them替代空格前句中的a number of different techniques,且“虽然所有这些技巧都有用,但是他们变得有点复杂。”语意衔接,逻辑通顺。

3. 根据词语同现解题

“词可以在一个共同概念的支配下结合在一起形成一个语义场”。语义场中词与词之间的语义关系是相互依存的。意义上相关的词汇出现在同一语篇中,构成以某一话题为中心的词汇链,因其有共同出现的倾向性,叫词汇同现。如:

(2014年全國Ⅰ卷)Your children need to be deeply curious. 37 Ask kids, “What ingredients(配料)can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?”And then try them out. Did those ingredients make the pancakes better? What could we try next time?

A. Encourage kids to cook with you.

B. And we cant forget science education.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

解析:根据该空后的What ingredients(配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time (下次我们可以添加什么配料来让这些薄煎饼更好吃呢)可知,ingredients(配料)和pancakes与cook有关, 故选A(鼓励孩子跟你一起烹饪)。

4. 根据词语复现解题。

词语复现是保证前后衔接的一种重要手段,词汇复现可以是原词复现,也可能是近义复现或同根词复现。而前后语义衔接正是七选五阅读的重要考点之一。因此,可利用词语复现来解题。如:

(2018年全国Ⅰ卷)Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves. 39 . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

解析:在E, F和G三项中,G项里跟空后句都有small ones,原词复现,很可能就是答案,将其代入空格,“在这个范围里选择颜色,已在the small ones的基础上提高了”“它们要求比small ones有更大的投入,它们对空间的感觉有更大的影响”,前后语义衔接,故选G项。“更大投入”“更大影响”与选项G的two major ways也相吻合。

5. 根据关联词解题

通常,英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示过渡和衔接,让文章的条理更清楚、逻辑更连贯,因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。以下三类为常用的关联词,请大家一定要背熟:

(1)并列与递进:and, or, also,neither...nor, either... or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say , as well as, the same... as, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to, what is more等,以及表示列举的one...the other, first...second...third, for one thing...and for another, on the one hand...on the other hand等。如:

(2013全国课标卷) Planning in business management has three main aspects. One is the establishment(制定)of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting. 74 The third relates to the establishment of standards of word in all departments. B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.

B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.

E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.

F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.

解析:由前后的one...the third可知,空白处应是the second,故选E项。

(2)表示因果:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason等。如:

(2013全国课标卷)If you find a public speaking course that looks as though its going to give you lots of dos and donts, walk away!Your brain is so full of what youre going to be talking about. 54 . As far as were concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking. Your audience can be your friends.

D. Check the rules about dos and donts

F. The one thing you dont want is for them to fall asleep

G. So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse

解析:空白前句“你的头脑里已经充满了你要讲话的内容”与选项G“所以再往头脑里塞进一套规则,那就更加糟糕了”是因果关系,故选G项。

(3)转折让步:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of, it is true that, although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of等。如:

(2017年全国Ⅰ卷)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36 .

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

解析:本段第一句是“启”,第二三句是“承”,这里应是“转”,故选D,“然后,自那之后我却对野营了解了许多”,这也与后文所述内容相符。

以上列举了五个微技能,事实上,还有一些微技能,如根据空白处的位置不同也会有不同的解題方法,这些都需同学们在平时的解题过程中不断总结。

责任编辑 蒋小青

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