妊娠早期低风险人群子宫动脉多普勒搏动指数与不良妊娠结局的关系

2019-09-07 07:55何碧媛周毓青
中国医药导报 2019年17期
关键词:胎盘早剥子痫前期

何碧媛 周毓青

[摘要] 目的 探討妊娠11~13+6周子宫动脉血流的搏动指数(UtA-PI)、阻力指数(UtA-RI)预测异常妊娠结局的可行性。 方法 随机选取2017年1月1日~2017年6月31日在上海市长宁区妇幼保健院正规产前检查的2567例单胎妊娠孕妇为研究对象。于孕11~13+6周检测每位孕妇的双侧子宫动脉多普勒血流波形,记录子宫动脉UtA-PI、及有无舒张早期切迹。随访所有研究对象的妊娠过程及母胎结局等情况。 结果 2567例中,55例因结构畸形或胎死宫内于28周前终止妊娠者被剔除,2512例纳入统计。2512例中,发生不良妊娠结局359例(占14.29%),包括99例妊娠期高血压疾病、88例子痫前期、76例胎儿宫内生长受限、76例小于胎龄儿、11例胎盘早剥、及9例28周后胎死宫内者;余2153例妊娠结局正常。不良妊娠结局组UtA-PI值的平均值(1.8)及第90百分位数(2.4)均高于正常妊娠结局组(1.68,2.19),差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。以UtA-PI第90百分位数为界值,预测严重不良妊娠结局的敏感性为71%、特异性为75%,预测任意一种不良妊娠结局的敏感性虽低(27%)、但特异性较高(89%),并以预测胎儿宫内生长受限这一不良妊娠结局的敏感性最低(19%)、但特异性较高(91%)。以UtA-PI第90百分位数为界值,预测各种不良妊娠结局的阴性预测值均较高。 结论 妊娠11~13+6周时UtA-PI在低风险人群中预测不良妊娠结局有一定的临床价值,但总体敏感性不高。

[关键词] 超声多普勒;子宫动脉;子痫前期;胎儿宫内生长受限;胎盘早剥;早孕期

[中图分类号] R714.2          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)06(b)-0072-04

Association of first-trimester uterine artery pulsatility index with adverse outcomes in low-risk pregnancies

HE Biyuan   ZHOU Yuqing▲

Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai   200051, China

[Abstract] Objective To discuss the feasibility of uterine artery pulsatility indexes (UtA-PI) 11-13+6 weeks in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods From January 1, 2017 to June 31, 2567 singleton pregnancies presented for routine prenatal care in Shanghai Changning Maternity & Infant Health Hospital, who were recruited as the research object. Doppler blood flow waveforms of bilateral uterine arteries of each pregnant woman were detected at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation were measured, the UtA-PI and resistance indexes (UtA-RI), and the presence or absence of early diastolic notching were recorded. The maternal and neonatal outcomes were followed up. Results Among all the 2567 cases, 55 cases were excluded because of termination for fetal abnormalities or fetal death before 28 weeks of gestation, the other 2512 cases were enrolled in this analysis. Among the 2512 cases enrolled, there were 359 cases (14.29%) of adverse outcomes, including, 99 cases of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancies, 88 cases of preeclampsia, 76 cases of fetal growth restriction, 76 cases of small for gestational age, 11 cases of placental abruption, 9 cases of stillbirth; and the remaining 2153 cases had normal outcomes. The mean value and the 90th percentile of UtA-PI were higher in the adverse outcome group (1.8, 2.4) than that in normal outcome group (1.68, 2.19), the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), respectively. By using the 90th percentile of UtA-PI as cut-off value, the sensitivity was 71% and the specificity was 75% in predicting severe adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the sensitivity was low (27%) and the specificity was high (89%) in predicting any kind of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and the sensitivity (19%) was the lowest while the specificity was high (91%) in predicting fetal growth restriction. By using the 90th percentile of UtA-PI as cut-off value, the negative predicting values were high in all groups in predicting each kind of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion UtA-PI at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation shows significance in predicting the development of adverse outcomes in low-risk pregnancies, but provides a low sensitivity.

[Key words] Doppler; Uterine artery; Pre-eclampsia; Fetal growth restriction; Placental abruption; First trimester

子痫前期、胎儿宫内发育迟缓、胎盘早剥等是孕产妇和围生儿发病及死亡的主要原因[1],娠早期识别这类高危妊娠有助于临床进行预防性控制,从而降低不良妊娠结局的发生[2]。研究表明大多数异常妊娠的发生与子宫-胎盘受损、胎盘灌注血流减少有关[3]。胎盘局部的灌注不良可直接导致氧化应激和内质网应激、血管扩张不足、血液流速代偿性增加,引起各种毒性因子释放,引发母体系统血管内皮损伤,从而引发子痫前期、胎儿宫内生长受限等异常妊娠情况[4]。而彩色多普勒超声检查应用于评价子宫动脉的血流情况,可间接反映子宫-胎盘循环状况[5]。超声检查由于具有安全、可靠及无创的特点,不仅操作方便,且患者依从性好,因而在临床得到广泛应用[6]。本研究在妊娠早期运用多普勒超声监测子宫-胎盘血流动力学的改变,探讨子宫动脉超声多普勒血流参数在预测不良妊娠结局中的临床价值。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

收集2017年1月1日~6月31日在上海市长宁区妇幼保健院(以下简称“我院”)行正规产前检查的单胎妊娠孕妇。本研究已获我院医学伦理委员会批准。

1.1.1 纳入标准  ①单胎妊娠;②胎儿頂臀长(CRL)为45~84 mm;③胎儿颈项透明层厚度(nuchal translucency,NT)<2.5 mm;④唐氏血清学筛查低危。

1.1.2 排除标准  ①胚胎停止发育;②胎儿染色体异常;③存在重大结构畸形;④孕妇患有高血压、糖尿病、慢性肾病等基础性疾病;⑤妊娠期糖尿病;⑥有明显解剖结构异常。

1.2 研究方法

于妊娠11~13+6周采用彩色多普勒超声仪检测孕妇双侧子宫动脉多普勒血流。每位孕妇接受检查前均需签署知情同意书。超声检测首先观察测量胎儿生长发育情况,测量胎儿NT厚度,然后检测双侧子宫动脉多普勒血流。

1.2.1 使用仪器  采用GE VolusonE8彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,腹部探头频率为1~5 MHz。

1.2.2 子宫动脉彩色多普勒血流检测方法  采用经腹部检测法:取仰卧位,膀胱少量充盈,获取子宫正中矢状切面,显示宫颈管和宫颈内口,定位宫颈并局部放大图像,将超声探头逐渐向左侧或右侧上方倾斜至宫体宫颈交界水平,应用彩色多普勒在宫颈内口水平检测子宫动脉上升支血流,获取稳定的连续3个心动周期的子宫动脉典型血流波形后,测量搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)、阻力指数(resistance index,RI)。测量时注意脉冲多普勒取样门宽度设置为2 mm,声束与血流方向夹角>30°,收缩期峰值流速>60 cm/s。

1.2.3 數据记录  记录每位孕妇的相关病史信息、双侧子宫动脉血流搏动指数(UtA-PI)、双侧子宫动脉血流阻力指数(UtA-RI)、有无舒张早期切迹(notching)。取双侧UtA-PI的平均值进行统计分析。

1.2.4 妊娠结局随访  对所有研究对象的妊娠过程及结局进行随访,记录妊娠终止孕龄及母儿结局等情况。不良妊娠结局的标准为发生下列情况中的一种或多种:①发生早发型子痫前期、晚发型子痫前期等妊娠期高血压疾病;②胎儿宫内生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR):胎儿体重低于其孕龄平均体重第10百分位数或低于其平均体重的两个标准差;③小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA):新生儿出生体重低于同胎龄同性别新生儿体重的第10百分位数或低于平均体重2个标准差;④胎盘早剥;⑤妊娠28周后胎死宫内。34周之前分娩的子痫前期、胎儿宫内生长受限、需紧急剖宫产或胎死宫内的胎盘早剥定义为严重不良妊娠结局。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;采用受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)评价各参数对子痫前期的预测价值。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 妊娠结局

2017年1月1日~2017年6月31日共计2567例单胎孕妇于11~13+6周纳入本研究子宫动脉血流超声多普勒检测。其中,55例因于孕28周前终止妊娠而被剔除,包括38例染色体异常或解剖结构畸形、17例发生胎死宫内。余2512例孕妇根据其妊娠结局分为不良妊娠结局组(359例)和正常妊娠结局组(2153例)两组,不良妊娠结局包括子痫前期(88例)、妊娠期高血压(99例)、FGR(76例)、SGA(76例)、胎盘早剥(11例)、28周后胎死宫内(9例)。

2.2 两组不同妊娠结局孕妇的UtA-PI值及预测效能比较

2.2.1 UtA-PI值的平均值及第90百分位数  不良妊娠结局组UtA-PI值的平均值及第90百分位数与正常妊娠结局组比较,差异均有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表1。

2.2.2 以UtA-PI第90百分位数为界值的预测效能  UtA-PI值预测严重不良妊娠结局的敏感性为71%、特异性为75%,预测任意一种不良妊娠结局的敏感性虽低(27%)、但特异性较高(89%),并以预测胎儿宫内生长受限这一不良妊娠结局的敏感性最低(19%)、但特异性较高(91%),且总的阴性预测值都非常高。见表2。

3 討论

2011年,Nicolaids[7]提出产前诊断进入“倒金字塔”时期,即产前筛查的时间重点应放在孕11~13+6周的早孕期,其目的是早期诊断、早期预防,从生理上及心理上减少孕妇的痛苦。而且,文献报道如在妊娠早期(孕16周之前)给予子痫前期高危孕妇口服小剂量阿司匹林,可以有效地降低子痫前期及早产的发病率[8-10]。但如何在妊娠早期有效预测子痫前期等高危妊娠仍然是目前产科研究的热点之一。且有研究表明[11-12],妊娠早期胎儿生物测量指标尚未出现异常时,子宫-胎盘循环已经出现异常,提示子宫-胎盘循环障碍可能发生在前,而胎儿的发育障碍可能发生在后。本研究发现,异常妊娠结局组的早孕期UtA-PI值高于正常妊娠结局组,也提示了发生异常妊娠结局的病例在疾病早期就已经出现了子宫动脉血流动力学的改变,而且这种改变可能与疾病在早孕期的发生有一定相关性。因此,通过早孕期子宫动脉超声多普勒血流监测来识别胎盘血管形成不良的异常情况具有一定的可行性。

本研究发现,正常对照组UtA-PI值的平均数为1.68,略低于Pilalis等[13]的研究结果(1.71),但高于Gomez等[14]的研究(1.57),造成这种轻微差异的原因可能与研究人群(高危或低危)不同以及子宫动脉多普勒检测的孕龄有关。本组孕妇均为低风险人群,且未对子宫动脉多普勒检测孕龄进行具体分组。因此后续研究应将研究人群及子宫动脉多普勒的检测孕龄进行分组。

UtA-PI不仅反映了收缩期峰值流速和舒张末期流速,还反映了整个心动周期中的平均流速,代表了血流波形的整体情况[15],因此临床应用价值相对较高。本研究以子宫动脉血流PI值的第90百分位数为界值,预测任意一种不良妊娠结局的敏感性为27%,而对于严重不良妊娠结局的检出率则上升到71%。Martin等[16]的研究结果显示,妊娠11~13+6周以子宫动脉多普勒PI值的第95百分位数为界限值,可检出27%的子痫前期和50%的早发型子痫前期。说明异常妊娠的程度越严重,子宫动脉多普勒参数的敏感性越高。

虽然在妊娠早期监测子宫动脉血流动力学变化在高风险人群中有助于改善围生结局[17],对于低风险人群中出现子宫动脉多普勒血流异常的病例运用低剂量阿司匹林治疗是非常有效的[18],但是子宫动脉超声多普勒参数预测的有效性仍有待于进一步研究以证实[19]。本组研究对象为低风险人群,研究结果提示,如果在妊娠早期的孕妇子宫动脉多普勒血流正常,则发生异常妊娠结局的可能性非常小;但是,对于妊娠早期子宫动脉多普勒血流出现异常的研究对象,预测其发生或出现各种异常妊娠结局的临床效能却并不十分理想,其中以预测胎儿宫内生长受限(19%)的敏感性最低,这可能与异常妊娠的病理生理过程的复杂性和异质性有关[20],也不排除与本中心所处地域或孕妇来源有关,因此今后的研究应致力于采用多参数、多指标以及多中心大样本的数据。

综上所述,妊娠早期低风险人群子宫动脉多普勒搏动指数与不良妊娠结局有一定的相关性,但是总的预测效能欠佳。

[参考文献]

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[7]  Nicoladids KH. A model for a new pyramid of prenatal care based on the 11 to 13 weeks′ assessment [J]. Prenat Diagn,2011,31:3-6.

[8]  Bujold E,Roberge S,Lacasse Y,et al. Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy:a meta-analysis [J]. Obstet Gynecol,2010,116(2 Pt 1):402-414.

[9]  Roberge S,Nicolaides KH,Demers S,et al. Prevention of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome using low dose aspirin:a meta-analysis [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2013,41(5):491-499.

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[11]  Kafkasl A,Turkcuoglu I,Turhan U. Maternal,fetal and perinatal characteristics of preeclampsia cases with and without abnormalities in uterine artery Doppler indexes [J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2013,26(9):936-940.

[12]  Madzli R,Yuksel MA,Imamoglu M,et al. Comparison of clinical and perinatal outcomes in early- and late-onset preeclampsia [J]. Arch Gynecol Obstet,2014,290(1):53-57.

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[14]  Gomez O,Martinez JM,Figueras F,et al. Uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation to screen for hypertensive disorders and associated complications in an unselected population [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005, 26:490-494.

[15]  Albaiges G,Missfelder-Lobos H,Lees C,et al. One-stage screening for pregnancy complications by color Doppler assessment of the uterine arteries at 23 weeks′ gestation [J]. Obstet Gynecol,2000,96(4):559-564.

[16]  Martin AM,Bindra R,Curcio P,et al. Screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction by uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2001,18(6):583-586.

[17]  Li N,Ghosh G,Gudmundsson S. Uterine artery Doppler in high-risk pregnancies at 23-24 gestational weeks is of value in predicting adverse outcome of pregnancy and selecting cases for more intense surveillance [J]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,2014,93(12):1276-1281.

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[19]  DSilva A,Fyfe R,Hyett J. First trimester prediction and prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes related to poor placentation [J]. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2017,29(6):367-374.

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