锦紫苏类病毒研究进展

2021-03-12 03:29姜冬梅张志想李世访
植物保护 2021年1期

姜冬梅 张志想 李世访

摘要 :锦紫苏又名彩叶草,是一种草本观赏植物,可以被马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒科锦紫苏类病毒属的类病毒侵染。目前为止,共发现了6种锦紫苏类病毒,分别为锦紫苏类病毒1~锦紫苏类病毒6(CbVd1~CbVd6),它们具有共同的中央保守区(CCR),存在广泛的分子间重组,其嵌合体的发现为研究类病毒RNA重组提供了较为理想的试验材料。本文系统综述了锦紫苏类病毒的分类地位及分子特征、检测方法、与寄主互作等方面的研究进展,并对锦紫苏类病毒研究中的热点和难点问题进行了讨论和展望。

关键词 :类病毒; 锦紫苏; RNA重组; 寄主

中图分类号: S 432.4

文献标识码: A

DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2020325

Research progress in coleus viroids

JIANG Dongmei1, ZHANG Zhixiang2, LI Shifang2*

(1. Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and

Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; 2. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect

Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China)

Abstract :Coleus (Coleus blumei) is an ornamental plant grown worldwide and can be infected by several viroids in the genus Coleviroid, family Pospiviroidae. Up to now, six viroids that infect coleus have been reported: Coleus blumei viroid1 to Coleus blumei viroid6 (CbVd1—CbVd6). They share a common central conserved region (CCR). Moreover, intermolecular recombination is common among them, and existence of chimeras provides an ideal experimental material for the study of RNA recombination in viroids. In this paper, the taxonomy, molecular characteristics, detection methods and the interactions between hosts and coleus viroids were reviewed. Furthermore, the focal and difficult problems in coleus viroids were prospected.

Key words :viroid; coleus; RNA recombination; host

類病毒(viroid)是一类单链共价闭合环状的RNA分子,无蛋白外壳包裹,由246~435个核苷酸(nucleotide, nt)组成,是目前已知的最小植物病原物,可侵染许多重要的果树、观赏植物以及蔬菜等[1]。锦紫苏又名彩叶草,是一种草本观赏植物,起源于印度尼西亚。目前为止,共发现了6种锦紫苏类病毒,分别命名为锦紫苏类病毒1~锦紫苏类病毒6(Coleus blumei viroid1~Coleus blumei viroid6, CbVd1~CbVd6)[1]。

1 分类及分子特征

6种锦紫苏类病毒均属于马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒科Pospiviroidae锦紫苏类病毒属Coleviroid,其基因组大小各不相同,在248~364 nt之间[1](表1),能折叠成由一系列短的茎环组成的棒状二级结构(图1),具有相同的中央保守区(central conserved region, CCR)。如图1所示,锦紫苏类病毒间存在明显的重组现象,二级结构中,CbVd1的左半部分与CbVd4的左半部分相同;CbVd2的左半部分与CbVd3、CbVd6的左半部分相同;而CbVd1与CbVd2,CbVd3与CbVd4,CbVd5与CbVd6的右半部分分别相同。因此,从二级结构位置上而言,CbVd2与CbVd4是左右部分相反的两个嵌合体多个锦紫苏类病毒嵌合体的发现为类病毒分子间重组提供了直接确凿的分子遗传学证据[23]。

2 发现及分布

1981年,Fonseca等从巴西的市售黄色锦紫苏中发现了CbVd1[4],这是第一个被发现的锦紫苏类病毒;1990年,Spieker等首次报道了CbVd1的全序列[5]。随后,世界上很多国家包括加拿大、日本、中国、韩国、印度、马来西亚、克罗地亚等,陆续对CbVd1在该国的首次发现进行了报道[612]。1996年,德国科学家首次报道了CbVd2[2],它是第一个被发现的自然界中存在的类病毒嵌合体,除德国之外,中国也报道了此类病毒[13]。1991年,德国科学家首次报道了CbVd3[14],中国[15]和克罗地亚[12]也相继报道了此类病毒。CbVd4是1996年德国科学家人工构建的已被证明具有生物学活性的嵌合体,目前未在自然寄主中发现[2]。CbVd5[16]和CbVd6[3]是中国科学家报道的两个类病毒新种,自2009年首次报道以来,印度和印度尼西亚的锦紫苏样品中也发现了CbVd5[17];随后,日本的锦紫苏样品中也发现了CbVd5[18];2018年,加拿大学者从市售锦紫苏样品中检测到了CbVd5和CbVd6,并进一步验证了CbVd1普遍存在于加拿大市售的不同品种锦紫苏中[1920]。由此可见,目前除CbVd4未在自然寄主中发现以外,其他5种锦紫苏类病毒均存在于自然寄主锦紫苏中,且分布越来越广泛(表1)。

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