在同一屋檐下
——功能混合建筑的进化史

KPF建筑事务所/KPF

随着全球城市人口的迅速集中，人们对城市生活的多样化、活跃度及便利性需求日益增加。大量迁居城市的人口要求城市建筑具有多重功能，且运行良好，而资源短缺等全球问题对城市建筑提出了更高的多功能要求。真正将住宅、商业、文化和运输功能融为一体的功能混合项目将各项活动并入一栋建筑或一个社区。在拥挤的城市中采用并细致地执行功能混合项目是社会发展的必然趋势。

综合体并非新形态。古罗马时代建在多层建筑中，包含商店和公寓的图拉真市场（公元前110年）是世界上最早的综合体项目之一。历史学家认为市场的骑楼曾是图拉真皇帝的办公楼，目前已经发掘藏书室遗址。汽车和电信技术在20世纪的崛起扩大了人们的居住范围，建筑物飞速建设、在城市中蔓延。过去30年来，越来越多的人口迁入城市，综合体建筑物经历了重大的考验和新生。这期间，KPF对综合体建筑形式的发展做出了贡献。

1 图拉真市场（公元前110年）/Trajan's Market (110 AD)

2 北密歇根大道900号/900 North Michigan Avenue

3 日本铁路中央双塔和车站/JR Central Towers and Station

始于芝加哥

KPF于1989年完成的北密歇根大道900号是壮丽大道最早的垂直、多功能大楼之一。项目融合了5种功能：Bloomingdales为首的购物中心、四季酒店、大楼下部的办公楼、高层的托管公寓、规模居全市前列的大型停车场。大楼高260m，4个灯笼状的结构体构成大楼顶部，以美妙、统一的姿态融入芝加哥天际线。北密歇根大道900号是KPF设计的第一个功能混合项目。

得益于租户和居民希望界面保持美观、引人入胜的共同愿望，每一个楼层的价值都得到了提升。北密歇根大道900号表明，同建筑元素本身一样，不同的功能可以相互聚集，产生新的协同效应，起到1+1＞2的作用。

继被密歇根大道900号的成功之后，KPF承接了日本铁路中央双塔的车站的设计工作，项目位于日本名古屋，2000年完工，包括10.22hm2（1,100,,000ft2）的办公面积、一家有700多间客房的酒店、10个饭店、一个4645m2（50,000ft2）的会议中心。日本铁路中央双塔的特别之处在于项目建于全世界最大的火车站——名古屋车站之上。车站含2条国营铁路线、2条私营铁路线、4条地铁线、日本铁路和城市公交线路，以及新干线子弹头列车。项目分地下和地上两部分，可一览名古屋全貌，中间设置办公、餐饮、住宿、会议设施。项目将北密歇根大道900号的商业协同效应巧妙融入整个车站，不仅以10~15层的高空公共空间和空中街道开创了垂直生活的先河，还连接公共交通，成为首个成功的TOD项目之一。

功能混合建筑进入新阶段

进入21世纪，KPF设计了多个备受关注的功能混合建筑，包括2003年竣工的东京六本木之丘，迄今仍然是日本有史以来规模最大的私营城市改造项目。另外还包括位于中国的几个项目，2010年竣工的环球贸易广场，包括了办公、酒店以及其下的新建交通枢纽；2012年竣工的希慎广场，包括32层办公和商业空间，直接连通铜锣湾站。

一边在街区功能混合项目中积累专门的知识，一边在另一个街区功能混合项目中实施改进，不断提高质量。伦敦科文特花园以悠久的历史、深厚的文化底蕴和建筑内涵而闻名于世，其第一次总体规划可追溯到1609年。在科文特花园项目中，为了实现街区的整体改进，混合功能开发的理念延伸到了项目的方方面面。科文特花园倍受拥堵、破旧的设施、密集的游客等问题困扰，成为令伦敦本地人敬而远之的地区。KPF运用综合体环境方面的专业知识把古老的科文特花园视作一个产生各种不同体验的功能实体。总体规划提出3个主要措施：公共区域改造、建筑遗产的保护与再定位、用新建筑更换不起作用的过时建筑。

21世纪以来的项目体现了综合考虑建筑体量和城市尺度的设计方法。项目集文化场所、公园绿地、可通行购物区、可通行娱乐区及无缝衔接的交通枢纽等功能为一体，丰富了所在城市的肌理，吸引了大量游客之外，还引来了优质租户，从而在城市的活力中心占据一席之地。

哈德逊广场是美国有史以来最大的私人房地产开发项目，一期项目的建设面积达105.35hm2（11,340,000ft2），由KPF主持项目的设计工作。有机协调基础设施和建筑设计的人性化设计方法是哈德逊广场项目的根本特点。为了实现瑞联的蓝图，设计用两个平台串起长岛铁路公司30多条在用的铁轨。目前正在铁路站场顶上建设52层和90层的大楼。建成后的大楼将穿过平台上升，沉箱桩钻至两条铁路线中间的基岩，为结构提供支撑。哈德逊广场集公私、交通、零售、商业、居住和教育为一体，

功能混合建筑不断演进，在当今仍有举足轻重的意义：在日本，六本木之丘和日本铁路中央双塔成为人口大城市中的交通基础设施和联系交织的城市社区；在中国，上海环球金融中心和环球贸易广场分别成为上海和香港的垂直空间代表和文化符号。随着城市的不断发展，功能混合建筑还将成为提高城市人性化程度和包容性的重要形式，对未来城市的成功至关重要。□

4.5 日本铁路中央双塔和车站/JR Central Towers and Station

Today, with the world's cities quickly crowding, the demand for the variety, activity, and convenience of urban living has never been greater. Compounded by global issues such as resource scarcity, the migration to cities is placing great responsibility on urban buildings to do many things, and do them well. Mixed-use development, the physically integrated combination of residential, commercial, cultural, and transportation functions, consolidates activity within a structure or neighbourhood. In our densifying cities, the adoption and thoughtful execution of mixed-use development is a necessity.

The mixed-use typology is not new; one of the first examples is Trajan's Market (110 AD) of ancient Rome with both shops and apartments built in a multi-level structure. Historians believe that the building's arcades were administrative offices of Emperor Trajan, and the remains of a library have been excavated. The rise of the automobile and telecommunication technologies in the 20th Century, meant dispersion. Sprawl prevailed. However, as the population has increasingly migrated into cities over the past thirty years, the mixed-use building has experienced a period of great experimentation and rebirth. At each period, KPF has been a major contributor to the evolution of the mixed-use building type.

It Started in Chicago

The completion of KPF's 1989, 900 North Michigan Avenue was one of the first buildings on Magnificent Mile with a vertical, varied programme. The building combines five major uses: a shopping mall with Bloomingdales as an anchor tenant; a Four Seasons Hotel; office space in the tower's lower section; condominiums on the higher floors; and one of the city's largest parking garages. With four "lanterns" forming a crown at 260 metres, the tower punctuates Chicago's skyline with a sophisticated, unified expression. 900 North Michigan was the first of its kind for KPF, and remains the 8th tallest building in the city today.

This milestone project wasn't only great for its city, it was pivotal for its developers and became a highly lucrative and sought after address. The value of each floor benefitted from the common desire among tenants and residents alike for a street front that invited the city in. It offered proof to the development industry that different uses, like architectural elements themselves, could be brought together to form a new kind of synergy, with a combined effect greater than the sum of its parts.

From 900 North Michigan's success, KPF was commissioned to design the Japan Rail Central Towers and Station, completed in 2005 in Nagoya, Japan that includes 102,193 m2(1.1 million square feet) of office space, a 700-room hotel, 10 restaurants, and a 4645 m2(50,000-square-foot) convention centre. What made the JR Central Towers extraordinary was the fact that they were built over the largest train station in the world, Nagoya station. The station comprises two national and two private railway lines, four subway lines, Japan Rail and city bus lines, as well as the bullet train Tokaido Shinkansen. This project physically connects the subterranean to sweeping views of the city of Nagoya, with places to work, eat, sleep, and meet in between. It took the commercial synergies of 900 North Michigan and merged them seamlessly with an entire nation's transportation infrastructure. The project was not only pioneer for vertical living, with public spaces and sky streets to located 10 and 15 stories in the air, but its link to public transportation makes it one of the first and most-successful transit-oriented developments.

6 六本木之丘功能混合分析/The mixed-use of Roppongi Hills

7 哈德逊广场功能混合分析/The mixed-use of Hudson Yards

8 环球贸易广场功能混合分析/The mixed-use of International Commerce Centre, Union Square

The Next Phase of the Mixed-Use Building Evolution

In the 2000s, KPF designed some of the most frequently cited mixed-use projects, including Roppongi Hills, completed 2003 in Tokyo, which remains the largest private-sector urban redevelopment in Japan's history. Several projects in China followed, such as the International Commerce Centre was completed in 2010, with offices, the world's highest hotel, and a new transportation hub beneath; and Hysan Place followed in 2012 with 32 floors and of offices and retail outlets, and a direct link to the Causeway Bay Station.

The expertise gained in the creation of one mixed-use neighbourhood led to the improvement of another. Covent Garden, with its first existing master plan dating back to 1609, is a renowned district with a culturally and architecturally rich history. In Covent Garden in London, this kind of mixed-use thinking was extended to fine-tune elements for the overall improvement of the neighbourhood. Plagued by congestion, run-down facilities, and intensive tourism, Covent Garden had become an avoidable destination for Londoners. KPF's expertise in mixeduse environments allowed the firm to believe in this historic section of London as a single functioning entity that could sponsor a great diversity of experience. Three major actions are proposed in the master plan: public realm improvements, conservation and re-positioning of the heritage assets, and the replacement of non-contributing outdated buildings with new architecture. The knowledge gained from KPF's projects in nearly every international city has primed KPF to take on this historic neighbourhood and convert it into a worldclass urban mixed use district.

The projects of the early 2000s represented a new approach to mixed-use design that coalesced at the scale of a building, but also at the scale of entire districts. The integration of cultural spaces, public parks, walkable shopping and entertainment areas, and seamless transit connections enriched the urban fabric in their cities. These districts attracted many visitors and lured blue-chip tenants to lease tower floors in order to secure a place at the most vibrant addresses in their cities.

The largest and most notable mixed-use development today is the Related Companies' Hudson Yards on the far west side of Manhattan. The largest private real estate development in the history of the United States, the first phase of Hudson Yards will see 1.05km2(11,340,000ft2) (1,053,520 m2) of construction. Drawing on the experience gained over 20 years in complex, mixeduse construction, KPF is leading the design of the development. Hudson Yards' defining characteristic is the humanistic design approach to seamlessly blending infrastructure with architectural designs. To complete Related's ambitious master plan, two platforms will bridge 30 active Long Island Rail Road train tracks. Two towers, at 52 stories and 90 stories respectively, are now under construction atop of the rail yards. Finished buildings will extend through the platform and rise above, with caissons drilled deep into the bedrock between rail lines to support the structures. The combination of the public and private interests, transportation, retail, commerce, residences and education makes Hudson Yards the most complex mixed-use project in New York since Rockefeller Centre.

The popularity of the mixed-use typology has travelled where it is needed. In Japan, Roppongi Hills and JR Central Towers provided transportation infrastructure and tight-knit urban community in the country's most populous cities. Spreading to China, projects like the Shanghai World Financial Centre and International Commerce Centre, implemented muchneeded vertical density and cultural symbolism in Shanghai and Hong Kong. As cities continue to grow, the mixed-use building will serve as an important tool to densify a humanising manner, and will be critical to the success of the city in the future.□

9-12 哈德逊广场/Hudson Yards（摄影/Photo: ©Connie Zhou）

13 哈德逊广场/Hudson Yards（摄影/Photo: ©Garrett Rowland）

14 哈德逊广场剖透视/The perspective of Hudson Yards（图片 来源/Sources: ©KPF）