红细胞分布宽度和血小板计数比值在汉族人群不同病因脑梗死差异性分析

2021-12-20 06:34葛利娜黄向东
中国现代医生 2021年27期
关键词:汉族脑梗死

葛利娜 黄向东

[关键词] 红细胞分布宽度;血小板计数;汉族;脑梗死

[中图分类号] R743.3          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)27-0037-04

Difference analysis of the ratio of red blood cell distribution width to platelet count in cerebral infarction with different causes in the Han population

GE Li′na   HUANG Xiangdong

Department of Neurology, Wenzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou   325000, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the differences in the ratio of red blood cell distribution width to platelet count (RPR) in patients with cerebral infarction of different etiologies in the Han population. Methods According to the classification criteria of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST), 197 patients with cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to January 2021 were selected.They were divided into the Atherosclerotic Thrombotic Cerebral Infarction group(AT group), the Small artery lesion cerebral infarction group(SAD group), and another group. The RDW and PLT of the three groups were tested in the acute and recovery phase, and RPR was calculated. The differences of the above indicators among patients with cerebral infarction of different etiologies in the Han population were analyzed. Results In the acute phase of cerebral infarction, the RDW and RPR of the AT group were higher than those of the SAD group and another group. The PLT of the SAD group was higher than that of the AT group and another group.The RPR of another group was higher than that of the SAD group.The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the recovery period of cerebral infarction, the RDW and RPR of the AT group were higher than those of the SAD group and another group.The PLT of the SAD group was higher than that of the AT group and another group.The RPR of another group was higher than that of the SAD group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion RDW and RPR are higher in AT group patients in the acute and recovery phases of cerebral infarction, while increased PLT and decreased RPR are the main manifestations in SAD group patients.

[Key words] Red blood cell distribution width; Platelet count; Han nationality; Cerebral infarction

脑梗死是全球重大公共卫生问题,居世界范围内各疾病死亡率第二位,也是第三大常见致残原因[1]。对于脑梗死患者而言,尽快给予静脉重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rtPA)溶栓治疗,是减轻脑组织受损、改善患者预后的关键环节[2]。但大量研究结果显示,不同病因脑梗死患者接受溶栓治疗后预后存在较大差异,且指出影响患者预后的原因可能与缺血性病变后炎症反应所致脑损伤加剧有关[3-4]。研究表明,红细胞分布宽度(Red cell distribution width,RDW)和血小板計数(Platelet count,PLT)比值(Ratio of red blood cell distribution width to platelet count,RPR)能够反映脑梗死患者严重程度及预后质量,其中,血小板激活后粘附于斑块破裂的血管壁,是导致缺血性梗死的重要原因,而RPR则与梗死后炎症反应乃至患者远期主要不良事件密切相关[5]。本研究选取197例汉族人群脑梗死患者,就不同病因的患者RDW、PLT及RPR进行比较,为脑梗死的治疗决策制定依据提供新的参考,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

将我院2020年1月至2021年1月收治的197例脑梗死患者纳入此次前瞻性对照研究,纳入标准:①经影像学检查明确脑梗死诊断;②发病至入院时间<24 h;③汉族;④年龄≥18岁;⑤拟于我院接受相关治疗。排除标准:①既往有颅内出血,包括可疑蛛网膜下腔出血者;②血液系统疾病患者;③严重肝、肾功能异常患者;④合并免疫系统疾病或感染性疾病患者。参照类肝素药物Org10172治疗急性缺血性脑卒中试验(Trial of Org10172 in acute stroke treatment,TOAST)标准[6],将患者分别纳入大动脉粥样硬化血栓形成性脑梗死组(Atherosclerotic thrombotic cerebral infarction,AT组)(n=54)、小动脉病变性脑梗死小动脉病变性脑梗死组(Small artery lesion cerebral infarction,SAD组)(n=81)、其他组(n=62),其他组患者病因包括心源性脑梗死、不明原因脑梗死等。三组患者年龄、性别、发病至入院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。本研究已征得患者知情同意,研究方案经我院医学伦理委员会审核批准,批准号2019-03-018。

1.2 方法

对于发病至到院时间<4.5 h且排除静脉溶栓禁忌的脑梗死患者予以rtPA(注射用阿替普酶,商品名爱通立,Boehringer Ingelheim制药公司,注册证号S20160055,规格50 mg)治疗,rtPA剂量按0.9 mg/kg给药,这部分患者溶栓24 h后及所有未能溶栓患者均于我院接受脑梗死常规综合治疗,包括抗血小板聚集、调控血压、降血糖、调血脂等,患者治疗期间禁用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂。

1.3 观察指标

分别于患者急性期(入院后治疗前)、恢复期(治疗2周后)抽取其肘静脉血5 mL,检测其RDW、PLT并计算RPR,RPR=RDW/PLT×100%。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件分析数据,计数资料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,计量资料均符合正态分布,以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用双侧t检验或F检验(方差分析),P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 三组患者急性期RDW、PLT、RPR检测结果比较

脑梗死急性期,AT组RDW、RPR高于SAD组与其他组,SAD组PLT高于AT组与其他组,其他组RPR高于SAD组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。

2.2 三组患者恢复期RDW、PLT、RPR检测结果比较

脑梗死恢复期,AT组RDW、RPR高于SAD组与其他组,SAD组PLT高于AT组与其他组,其他组RPR高于SAD组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。

3讨论

不同病因脑梗死不仅有着截然不同的发病机制,其预后也存在一定差异,既往研究显示,穿支动脉区孤立性梗死患者普遍预后较好,行溶栓治疗后出血转化风险较低,且神经功能结局较理想[7-8]。而AT患者普遍伴有全血黏度、血漿黏度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集性、纤维蛋白原的升高,且患者病情发生发展过程持续伴随着血液流变学的异常[9]。

在脑梗死的进展过程中,炎症反应扮演着重要角色,而RDW则与机体炎症反应程度密切相关:有研究发现,炎症可通过抑制红细胞生成素诱导的红细胞成熟,促使RDW升高,而高RDW也伴随着机体更强烈的应激反应,同时表明机体抗氧化水平受抑制,此时红细胞膜损伤明显、红细胞脆性增加[10-11]。而在脑梗死患者的缺血再灌注过程中,氧化应激与抗氧化水平与神经元的损伤及修复有着密切关联,对患者预后也有着直接影响。本研究显示,AT患者急性期、恢复期均有着更高的RDW水平,意味着AT患者普遍存在更为强烈的机体炎症反应,考虑与AT多由颈动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂引发有关,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂所致红细胞聚集、血液黏度上升,不仅导致血流减缓,还造成血小板、白细胞与损伤血管壁直接接触,从而促进血小板活化,诱导血栓形成[12]。因此,AT组仅见RDW显著升高,而PLT则未见明显变化,故RPR在急性期、恢复期均高于SAD组与其他组。

SAD的血液流变学特性主要表现为血小板聚集性升高、全血黏度上升[13-14],患者颈动脉粥样斑块硬化普遍较轻,故RDW上升不明显,同时,患者全身微血管病理损害相对AT而言程度较轻,故PLT消耗减少、生成增加[15-17],进而导致PLT数量上升甚至体积增加,是导致血栓形成的重要机制。因此,本研究结果显示,SAD组患者RDW较其他组上升不明显,但PLT显著上升,是造成RPR下降的主要原因。既往研究认为,RPR升高是脑梗死患者预后不佳的独立预测指标[18-20],但本研究中,SAD组患者存在明显的RPR下降,提示RPR下降也可能与脑梗死预后不良有关,值得进一步关注。

相较于AT组、SAD组而言,其他组病因较复杂,但其病因普遍与大、小动脉病变无关,故患者RDW、PLT异常情况均未较AT组、SAD组突出,各种复杂病因所致脑血流量减少,可能是导致其他组患者脑梗死发生发展的重要原因。

通过上述分析,可以发现,汉族人群不同病因脑梗死患者RDW、PLT及RPR均存在显著差异,且患者恢复期仍普遍存在RPR异常,因此,在脑梗死的治疗中,应强调根据患者病因调节RPR,如针对AT所致脑梗死,可考虑从降低RDW入手,而针对SAD所致脑梗死,下调PLT水平可能是改善患者预后的重要手段。

综上所述,无论是脑梗死急性期还是恢复期,AT患者RDW、RPR均较高,而SAD患者则以PLT升高、RPR下降为主要表现,应根据患者病因开展个体化治疗,以调控RPR比值、改善其预后。

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(收稿日期:2021-04-30)

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