原始雕塑意义说略

张晓凌

Every category of art is the product of specific history and society, bearing clear historical properties. Similarly, the history screened and submerged by time and space can only be re-awakened via eduction, analysis, and even imagination. Primitive sculpture is no exception. It is concluded from the earliest sculptures unearthed in the relics of Peiligang and Egou, etc., that the earliest time for the birth of China's sculpture can be traced back to 7000 years ago. Therefore, the important mechanism for the cause of primitive sculpture generation must be seeked from the primitive cultural background of this period. Meanwhile, discussion on primitive sculpture has in-depth cause and motivation, which can be said as balance-holding to the primitive sculpture itself, as to the discussion on essence of art and primitive thought of the mankind.

Double-sided stone carving portrait unearthed in Daxi of Sichuan, color-painted pottery portrait unearthed in Sanpingtai, Liuwan, Ledu of Qingai, double-sided clay sculpture portrait unearthed in Wangyang Temple, Wangyang, Wangjiang of Anhui, have all reflected a peculiar manifestation of sex and reproduction worship in primitive sculpture --- bisexuality worship. It has reflected a concept of "pairing", which has not only changed the barely depiction of the scenes of coition as in the primitive cliff painting, but also generated a concealed exhibition of sexual concept, being a progress in primitive reproductive culture.

每一门类艺术都属于特定历史社会的产物，都带有鲜明的历史属性。同样也由于历史的缘由，那些被时空屏蔽和湮没的历史只能够通过推断和分析甚至想象而重新得以唤醒。原始雕塑亦不例外。从裴李岗、莪沟等遗址出土的最早的雕塑断定，我国雕塑产生的最早年代可以追溯到距今7000年。因此，原始雕塑产生的原因的重要机制必须从这一时期的原始文化背景中探寻。而探讨原始雕塑有着深层的原因和动机，可以说，对原始雕塑的意义对于我们探讨艺术本质和人类的原始思维都是举足轻重的。

首先，原始雕塑充分展现了创造主体的自我肯定。从现存众多的原始雕塑的造型中可以推测，原始雕塑的创作过程有强烈的游戏性质。这种游戏虽不像原始舞蹈那样狂欢恣肆，但其中创造的自由的情绪宣泄则成为主体体验自身力量的有趣方式。它一方面使得创作主体自我意志得到物化，另一方面也使得创作主体得到精神上的满足和愉悦。正如斯宾塞所说，“我们称之为游戏的那些活动是由于这样的一些特征和审美活动联系起来的。那就是他们都以任何直接的方法来推动有利于生命的进程。”[1]天门石家河出土的鸟骑狗陶塑十分有趣。小狗的神态小心翼翼，鸟则骑在它的背上玩耍，动静相合，相得益彰。它的塑法看似漫不经心而随意简略，透露出一种天真烂漫的情调。类似例子比比皆是。浙江余姚河姆渡、黑龙江宁安莺歌岭等地出土的各种动物小陶塑、大溪屈家岭出土的陶球、陶铃都属于这种带有很强游戏性质的作品。……