张丽云 蔡湛 李庆辰 等
摘要:滦河径流年内分配极不均匀,有73%的输水量和96%的输沙量集中在汛期,大水挟大沙的特征明显。修建于干流上的潘家口水库、大黑汀水库和支流上的桃林口水库控制了流域89.9%的汇水面积,削减了滦河63%的径流量、99.3%的输沙量和汛期30%的径流峰值,引起了下游河道的快速响应,导致河床展宽变浅,出现衰亡迹象。
关键词:滦河水文;水沙关系;河道衰亡
中图分类号:TV121文献标识码:A文章编号:0439-8114(2012)15-3222-04
The Runoff-silt Relationship in Luanhe River Basin and Effects of the Water Conservancy Projects on the Lower Reaches
ZHANG Li-yun1,CAI Zhan1,LI Qing-chen1,LIU Ping-yu2
(1.Institute of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050011, China;
2.Shijiazhuang Preschool Teachers College, Shijiazhuang 050228,China)
Abstract: The annual distribution was very unequal in Luanhe River Basin. About 73% of runoff and 96% of sediment transport concentrated in the flood season. So the annual flood carried away the major part of the sediment. The Panjiakou Reservoir and Daheiting Reservoir built in the mainstream, and Taolinkou Reservoir was in the tributary controlled 89.9% of drainage area, decreased 63% of water discharge, reduced 99.3% of sediment yield, and cut down 30% of the flood runoff. The great changes of river hydrology caused the riverbed widening and shallowing, and presented a sign of decline.
Key words: Luanhe River hydrology; runoff-silt relationship; river course decline
滦河发源于丰宁县巴彦图古尔山麓,流经内蒙古高原、燕山山区后,于冀东平原的乐亭县、昌黎县交界处入海,全长877 km,汇水面积44 880 km2。滦河为华北地区的一条大河,水量充沛,年平均径流量4.563×109 m3,多年平均流量145 m3/s,实测最大洪峰流量高达34 000 m3/s(1962年滦县站)。滦河水量的80%来自长城以北,常年性支流有500余条,其中,汇水面积大于1 000 km2的有10条,以青龙河最大,约占总水量的30%。滦河为一条多沙河流,年输沙量达2.408×107 t,平均泥沙浓度3.94 kg/m3[1]。
1979年滦河干流潘家口水库、大黑汀水库先后蓄水投入运行,78.60%的汇水面积得到了控制。其中潘家口水库控制面积33 700 km2,水库总库容2.930×109 m3;大黑汀水库位于潘家口水库下游,控制潘家口至大黑汀区间面积1 600 km2,总库容为3.370×108 m3。1998年底,位于滦河支流青龙河上的桃林口水库投入运行,控制面积5 060 km2,水库总库容8.590×108 m3。至此,滦河全流域89.90%的汇水面积得到了控制[2]。
1滦河的水沙特征
滦河流域地处暖温带季风气候区,位于内蒙古高原南端的夏季迎风坡上,降水丰沛且雨量集中,多暴雨[3],因而使滦河成为华北地区水量最丰富的一条河流。……