富营养化湖泊治理研究综述

2014-05-30 10:40:01刘伟晏娟
安徽农学通报 2014年8期

刘伟 晏娟

摘 要:湖泊富营养化是指湖泊生产力水平逐步由较低的贫营养状态向较高的富营养状态转变的现象。控制营养盐输入是湖泊治理的关键,但对于削减外源污染物,是控磷还是控氮,学术界一直存在争议。一是认为磷是藻类生长的主要限制因子,只需控磷。二是认为氮也是藻类主要生长限制因子,必须控氮。针对我国湖泊生态系统中氮磷含量具有显著的时空异质性特点,藻类生长过程中的限制因子可能随季节发生变化,因此建议富营养化湖泊治理在控磷的同时也要控氮,并且要加强外源和内源污染控制。

关键词:富营养化;湖泊;控磷;控氮

中图分类号 X52 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-7731(2014)08-121-03

Abstract:Eutrophication are lakes gradually from a low level of productivity oligotrophic eutrophic state to a high state. Controlling nutrient input is the key governance lake.But for the reduction of exogenous pollutants,is to control phosphorus or nitrogen control has been controversial. Some people believe control phosphorus emissions is critical,because phosphorus is the main limiting algae growth factor;other people believe that control nitrogen emissions is critical,because nitrogen is the limiting factor for the growth of algae.In our lake ecosystem,the content of nitrogen and phosphorus has a significant features - temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Algae growth process,limiting factors may vary with the seasons. Therefore,the proposed lake management is necessary to control the emission of phosphorus also control nitrogen emissions. Meanwhile,we should strengthen the exogenous and endogenous pollution control.

Key words:Eutrophication;Lake;Control emissions of phosphorus;Control emissions of nitrogen

湖泊富营养化是指湖泊水体在自然因素和人类活动的影响下,大量营养盐输入水体,使湖泊生产力水平逐步由较低的贫营养状态向较高的富营养状态转变的现象。我国湖泊富营养化的发展趋势十分严峻,截至20世纪90年代后期,富营养化湖泊占调查湖泊的比例已经高达77%。在26个国控重点湖泊中,水体中氮磷污染较高,相当一部分湖泊发生了水华灾害。特别是铜绿微囊藻水华会释放出微囊藻毒素,引起水生生物、鸟类、畜类死亡。2007年太湖蓝藻水华事件,致使无锡市500万人的饮用和生活用水严重短缺。因此,湖泊富营养化治理是我国面临的重大水环境问题。

富营养化湖泊治理的关键是控制营养物的输入,国际上一般认为湖水中总氮(TN)达0.2mg/L、总磷(TP)达0.02mg/L是富营养化发生的阈值[1]。……

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