张爱萍
在这几年的英语教学中,我不断学习和归纳了宾语从句的用法。宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语,我们在学习宾语从句时关键要掌握以下五个要点。
一、引导词
由that引导的宾语从句具有陈述含义,that在口语中可以省略,如I hear (that) English is difficult.(我听说英语难。)She says(that) she will leave a message on his desk.(她说她要在他桌子上留言。)
由that…and(but)that…引导几个表示并列(或转折)关系的宾语从句,后一个that不能省略,如He said(that)the film was interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it.(他说这部电影有趣,他喜欢看。)
一般疑问句作宾语从句,常由连词whether或if引导。
Whether或if引导的宾语从句意思是“是否”,连词Whether或if更口语化。如Could you tell me if(whether)it is going to snow?(你能告诉我天是否要下雪?)He asked whether they needed some more tea.(他问他们是否再需要些茶。)
特殊疑问句作宾语从句,常用连接代词(who whom whose what which)或连接副词(how where when why)引导,如Do you know what time the train will leave?Can you tell me who(whom)we have to see?
二、陈述的语序
一般疑问句、特殊疑问句作宾语从句时,用陈述的语序,也就是whether或if引导的宾语从句,连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的语序是陈述句的语序。即主语在前,谓语在后,因此,由疑问句变来的宾语从句要删除do does did等助动词,如Does he go to school on foot?Can you tell me?Can you tell me if he goes to school on foot?Where does he work? Do you know?Do you know where he works?
三、时态一致
当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,宾语从句的谓语动词就要根据实际情况需要用不同的时态。
He knows(that)Jim will work harder.(他知道吉姆会更加努力工作。)
I hear he bought a new coat yesterday.(我听说他昨天买了一件新上衣。)
I think he will be back by plane next week.(我想他下一周将乘飞机返回。)
当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句的谓语动词要和主句的谓语动词时态一致,即用过去时态的某种形式。
如He said he bought a dictionary yesterday.(他说他昨天买了一本字典。)She said she would be back soon.(她说她很快就回来。)
虽然主句的谓语动词是过去时态,但宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理,则宾语从句的时态仍用一般现在时,如She said the sun rises in the east.(她说太阳从东方升起。……