茶园不同施肥方式对茶树养分和鲜叶品质相关成分的影响

毛平生等

摘 要 2011～2012年，开展了人工撒施、机械旋耕和机械犁耕3种施肥方式对茶树养分和鲜叶品种相关成分的影响研究。试验设10个处理，对成熟叶叶绿素、氮、磷、钾以及春茶一芽二叶品质相关成分进行分析。结果表明：机械双侧旋耕2个处理的春茶一芽二叶品质成分含量较其它处理高，人工撒施对新梢品质成分含量较其他处理都低，不施肥的3个处理茶叶酚氨比最高，其中机械中间犁耕处理茶叶酚氨比较低；施肥方式对茶叶成熟叶叶绿素、主要矿质元素含量影响不明显。

关键词 茶园管理 ；施肥方式 ；茶叶品质

分类号 S571.1

Abstract We studied on the artificial fertilization， fertilizer and machinery mechanical rotary tillage plough fertilization in three ways， with 10 different fertilization treatments on tea quality in tea garden during 2011 to 2012. The contents of mature leaf chlorophyll， nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium and spring a bud and two leaves were analyzed quality ingredients. We analyzed the contents of mature leaf chlorophyll， nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium and quality ingredients of a bud and two leaves in spring. The results showed that the amounts of quality ingredients in spring tea shoots from the mechanical bilateral rotary plowing fertilizations were the highest； otherwise， the mount was the lowest in the shoots sampled from the manual fertilization. The ratios of tea polyphenols to ammonia from the samples of three treatments without fertilization were on the top； and the ratios from the mechanical intermediate plowing fertilizations were low relatively. The effect of fertilization methods on the contents of chlorophyll and main mineral element in mature tea leaves were not obvious.

Keywords tea garden management ； fertilization ； tea quality

随着中国经济的不断发展，茶叶生产尤其是名优茶的发展加快，给茶叶生产者带来显著的收益。茶叶生产是一个典型的劳动密集型产业。近几年来，由于农村劳动力不断涌向城市，导致农村劳动力越来越少，茶园管理粗放，严重影响茶产业可持续发展。为解决劳动力短缺问题，茶园机械开始应用。在茶园施肥方面，以往多数侧重于不同施肥量、肥料品种研究[1-4]，很少涉及不同施肥方式比较研究，特别是不同施肥方式对茶树养分和茶鲜叶品质的影响。为缓解农村劳动力的压力，降低生产成本，茶园耕作机械化是今后的发展方向。近年来，茶园中耕机研制取得很大的进展，南京农机所研制出SC-12型和3CG-45型茶园管理机。本研究利用该机械进行施肥试验，以期为茶园肥料合理施用以及解决机械施肥技术提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法