偏转发作在枕叶癫痫中的定侧价值研究

2014-12-09 16:22史建国高军董亚南杜斌彭洪海方向
中国医药科学 2014年19期
关键词:脑电额叶癫痫

史建国+高军+董亚南+杜斌+彭洪海+方向

[摘要]目的 证实偏转发作在枕叶癫痫中的定位定侧价值。 方法 我们研究9例伴有偏转发作的枕叶癫痫手术治疗患者,应用视频脑电监测记录癫痫发作,术后随访1~2年,分析每例患者的偏转发作与手术侧别,另外还研究其他发作形式与偏转发作的联系。 结果 9例患者共记录到35次偏转发作,偏转方向均指向病变对侧,此外,枕叶癫痫偏转发作较少伴随部分运动发作。 结论 枕叶癫痫中偏转发作具有明确的定侧价值,同时,与额叶癫痫相比,枕叶偏转发作具有不同的发作机制。

[关键词] 枕叶癫痫;偏转发作

[中图分类号] R651.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)19-30-03

偏转发作定义为头眼向一侧缓慢而有力的偏转,偏转角度一般大于90°,发生在全身强直阵挛发作(GTCS)之前具有定侧价值[1]。在枕叶癫痫中,往往重视视觉先兆的价值而忽略偏转发作的意义,所以应用视频脑电监测详细研究枕叶癫痫发作的资料较少[2]。为明确偏转发作在枕叶癫痫中的定侧价值,本研究通过记录详实的视频资料,对枕叶癫痫术后患者进行随访,分析偏转发作的定位定侧意义。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

本组共9例病例,均符合以下标准:经手术证实为枕叶癫痫,术前视频脑电监测均记录到偏转发作。详细资料见表1。

1.2 方法

(1)详细询问病史,进行临床症状学分析。行头颅CT、MR常规扫描检查。应用美国Nicolet系统进行长程视频脑电图监测,记录发作间期及发作期脑电图变化,定位致痫灶。部分病例行发作间期PET检查。经上述非侵袭性检查未能明确定位癫痫发作起源的病例,放置颅内电极(硬膜下条状电极或深部电极),术后继续应用视频脑电图监测系统进行长程颅内脑电记录,根据发作期脑电变化过程定位癫痫发作起源。(2)发作症状学分析。记录偏转发作侧别、伴随其他发作类型,有无先兆及先兆表现。(3)根据对致痫灶的定位选择适合的手术入路,术中应用32导网格状皮层电极,行皮层脑电监测,进一步确认致痫灶的位置和范围,行手术切除。切除的组织送病理检查。术后随访1年以上,根据Engels[3]术后效果分级进行评估。

2 结果

9例患者共记录到35次偏转发作,除病例2仅表现为双眼偏转外,其余8例均表现为头眼向一侧偏转;在偏转发作中均伴随有肢体强直和(或)痉挛。

术后病理证实胚胎发育障碍性神经上皮瘤1例,局灶性皮质发育不良3例,坏死及胶质增生合并瘢痕4例,血管畸形1例。术后随访1~2年,Engels预后分级:Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。偏转发作临床特点及预后见表2。

3 讨论

枕叶癫痫是一组有特征性临床表现的癫痫综合征[4]。由于枕叶组织在脑发育过程中和神经纤维传导中的特殊性,枕叶癫痫,尤其是起源于颞顶枕交界区的癫痫表现为颞叶或额叶症状,往往误诊为其他类型的癫痫或癫痫综合征而延误治疗[5-6]。目前认为头和眼球向一侧的偏转常具有特征性意义[7-8],有人认为头和眼的强直性和(或)阵挛性向病灶对侧偏转在枕叶癫痫中比在额叶、颞叶癫痫中定位意义更大,是可靠的定侧指标。Wyllie等[9]应用视频脑电监测研究37例患者的74次癫痫发作发现,27例患者出现头眼偏向对侧的偏转发作,其中额叶癫痫10例、颞叶癫痫14例、2例顶叶及1例枕叶癫痫,无一例出现同侧偏转。在枕叶癫痫中,一般认为偏转发作定侧意义较其他脑叶高。Munari等[10]报道了16例枕叶癫痫患者,共计49次偏转发作,其中48次为向对侧偏转。而 Williamson等[11]研究了16例仅眼睛偏转发作的枕叶癫痫病例,有13例为向对侧偏转、3例向同侧偏转。在我们的研究中,9例患者均经脑电图及手术证实致痫灶位于枕叶,在记录到的35次偏转发作中,有34次表现为向病灶对侧偏转,证实在枕叶癫痫中,偏转发作具有较高的定侧价值。由于偏转发作可发生于各个脑区,所以定位价值不高。Bleasel等[1]报道发生在癫痫发作早期的偏转发作多见于颞叶外癫痫,但额叶、顶叶及枕叶癫痫间无明显差异。Wyllie等[12]研究发现枕叶癫痫中偏转发作伴随面部或肢体局部运动发作较额叶癫痫少见,我们研究发现共计4例偏转发作患者伴随局部运动发作,与上述研究吻合。目前认为在枕叶癫痫中,癫痫放电向额叶的额眼区传递是产生偏转的主要机制,但我们研究结果显示偏转发作患者伴随局部运动发作的病例数较少,可能存在其他传递通路。Blume,2001[13]研究认为双眼共轭运动与以下两条通路有关:(1)非额叶皮层→额叶皮层→脑桥旁正中网状结构(PPRF);(2)皮层→上丘→脑桥旁正中网状结构(PPRF)→PPRF;在枕叶癫痫中,癫痫放电可能通过上丘传递引起偏转发作。总之,偏转发作在枕叶癫痫中具有较高的定侧价值,引起偏转发作的机制可能与额叶癫痫不同。

[参考文献]

[1] Bleasel A,Kotagal P,Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.

[2] Fogarasi A,Boesebeck F,Tuxhorn I. A detailed analysis of symptomatic posterior cortex seizure semiology in children younger than seven years[J].Epilepsia,2003,44:89-96.

[3] Engel J Jr,Van Ness P,Rasmussen T,et al.Outcome with respect to epileptic seizures.In:Engel J Jr,ed.Surgical treatment of the epilepsies[M].New York:Raven Press,1993:609-22.endprint

[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.

[5] 吴英,陈述花,张玮,等.颞一枕叶交界区癫痫的致痫区定位研究[J].中华神经外科杂志,2013,29:3-6.

[6] 遇涛,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕叶癫痫的术前定位[J].脑与神经疾病杂志,2004,12:161-164.

[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.

[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.

[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.

[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.

[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.

[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.

[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.

(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint

[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.

[5] 吴英,陈述花,张玮,等.颞一枕叶交界区癫痫的致痫区定位研究[J].中华神经外科杂志,2013,29:3-6.

[6] 遇涛,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕叶癫痫的术前定位[J].脑与神经疾病杂志,2004,12:161-164.

[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.

[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.

[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.

[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.

[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.

[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.

[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.

(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint

[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.

[5] 吴英,陈述花,张玮,等.颞一枕叶交界区癫痫的致痫区定位研究[J].中华神经外科杂志,2013,29:3-6.

[6] 遇涛,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕叶癫痫的术前定位[J].脑与神经疾病杂志,2004,12:161-164.

[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.

[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.

[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.

[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.

[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.

[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.

[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.

(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint

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