伊立替康致迟发性腹泻的机制和治疗进展

2015-01-23 17:55徐克强
中国医药导报 2015年32期
关键词:伊立酯酶迟发性

杨 雷 廖 洪 徐克强

解放军第四五八医院消化内科,广东广州 510602

伊立替康致迟发性腹泻的机制和治疗进展

杨 雷 廖 洪 徐克强

解放军第四五八医院消化内科,广东广州 510602

伊立替康是治疗结直肠癌、妇科肿瘤等的主要化疗药物之一,迟发性腹泻作为主要不良反应限制了其广泛应用。目前伊立替康致迟发性腹泻的机制尚不明确,研究较多的机制为:伊立替康活性代谢产物7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(SN-38)是导致迟发性腹泻的关键,肝脏尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖转移酶(UGT1A1)可使SN-38失活,是决定肠内SN-38浓度的重要指标。目前迟发性腹泻标准治疗仍以洛哌丁胺为主,辅以生长抑素等,羧酸酯酶抑制剂等新药尚处于临床研究阶段。预防方面还没有标准方案,中西医研究成果尚需扩大样本量进一步证实。

伊立替康;迟发性腹泻;治疗;预防

伊立替康(Irinotecan)为半合成的可溶性喜树碱衍生物,通过抑制Ⅰ型DNA拓扑异构酶(TopoisomeraseⅠ,TopeⅠ)阻碍DNA的合成,可特异性作用于细胞周期S期,抑制肿瘤细胞DNA的合成。伊立替康联合氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)的化疗方案(FOLFIRI)是晚期或转移性结直肠癌的一线选择,有效率在40%以上[1-2]。然而迟发性腹泻是伊立替康主要的不良反应,具有剂量依赖性,发生在用药后24 h,发生率可达90%,严重者可以致命。日本近期的一项回顾性分析显示,1995~2000年接受伊立替康治疗的13 935例患者,3~4度腹泻的发生率为10.1%[3]。如何预防及治疗伊立替康致迟发性腹泻是目前临床研究的热点问题。

1 迟发性腹泻发生的多种可能机制

1.1 羧酸酯酶和β-葡萄糖苷酸酶的作用

伊立替康在肠腔经羧酸酯酶可直接转化为活性代谢产物7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(SN-38),其活性比伊立替康强100~1000倍[4]。人肠道组织活检提示有羧酸酯酶存在,并且体外试验发现可以将伊立替康转化成SN-38[5]。SN-38在肠道内的浓度及其与肠道上皮接触的时间是导致迟发性腹泻的关键,可引起DNA断裂,肠上皮细胞坏死、凋亡,导致小肠水、电解质吸收障碍及小肠液过度分泌[6]。肠道中的细菌β-葡萄糖苷酸酶可将SN-38G转化为有活性的SN-38,从而导致肠上皮细胞损害。

1.2 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖转移酶(UGT1A1)的作用

肠道内的羧酸酯酶参与了伊立替康向SN-38转化,活性SN-38可通过肝脏UGT1A1转变为无活性的葡萄糖醛酸化SN-38(SN-38G),随粪便排出体外。UGT1A1是决定肠内SN-38浓度的重要指标,继而影响肠毒性的大小。国内外均有报道,UGT1A1基因多态性和伊立替康毒性反应相关[7-12]。目前研究较多的主要有UGT1A1*28和UGT1A1*6基因。UGT1A1的变异型——UGT1A1*28与UGT1A1表达下降有关,并导致SN-38G水平降低[13]。UGT1A1*28基因非野生型腹泻发生率明显高于野生型,在伊立替康化疗前行UGT1A1基因多态性检测可以筛查高危人群,预测伊立替康的严重不良反应,以指导临床用药[14-16]。在一项1998~2013年的Meta分析中,UGT1A1*6基因多态性被认为是预测亚洲人群伊立替康相关毒性的有潜力的生物学指标,但仅纯合子型患者严重腹泻的风险明显增高[17]。

1.3 前列腺素E2的作用

小鼠实验发现迟发性腹泻的发生与前列腺素E2(PGE2)的升高有关[18]。PGE2是一种较强的致炎因子,是由环氧化酶催化花生四烯酸转变而来的,是已知的刺激结肠分泌和使肠蠕动亢进而诱导腹泻的物质。应用伊立替康后肠道上皮细胞环氧化酶2(COX-2)表达增加,导致PGE2水平增高,PGE2可诱导肠上皮细胞氯离子分泌增加,钠离子吸收减少,导致腹泻[19]。Trifan等[20]用带瘤小鼠观察到COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布能显著减轻伊立替康所致的迟发性腹泻发生率,并呈剂量依赖性,亦显示了PGE2水平上调与伊立替康所致腹泻相关。

1.4 其他

目前有研究报道,伊立替康可能是通过破坏肠道的紧密结合蛋白而致腹泻,该研究通过小鼠模型,从分子水平揭示伊立替康肠毒性可能为其引起肠道紧密连接缺陷而导致肠道屏障功能不全所致[21]。亦有研究应用单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)来筛选与伊立替康引起的严重腹泻相关的分子标志物[22-24],如Takahashi等[24]发现钾离子电压门控KCNQ5基因的rs9351963SNP可能是一个预测因子。

2 迟发性腹泻的治疗

2.1 洛哌丁胺(易蒙停)

洛哌丁胺是人工合成的阿片受体激动剂,可减少肠蠕动和分泌,延长肠内容物的滞留时间,通过增加肛门括约肌的张力抑制大便失禁和便急,同时可以抑制肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)诱导的腹泻的发生[25],其已被作为治疗伊立替康所致腹泻的标准疗法。首次稀便出现后服用4 mg洛哌丁胺,以后每次不成形便后服用2 mg。每天最大剂量成人不超过16 mg。洛哌丁胺有导致麻痹性肠梗阻的风险,故患者以此方案不得连续用药超过48 h。

2.2 长效奥曲肽

醋酸奥曲肽(善得定)是一种生长抑素类似物,可抑制多种胃肠激素的分泌,从而抑制消化液的分泌及胃肠运动,达到止泻作用。服用洛哌丁胺腹泻仍持续超过48 h的患者,可改用生长抑素。但是目前一项三期随机临床研究显示,在化疗所致腹泻的结直肠癌患者中,长效奥曲肽并不能预防和减轻腹泻的严重性[26],不过该研究主要是以铂类为主的化疗方案。

2.3 羧酸酯酶抑制剂

伊立替康经羧酸酯酶水解为活性SN-38,可以通过抑制肠腔内羧酸酯酶,降低SN-38的浓度,从而减少迟发性腹泻的发生。目前设计合成了磺胺类衍生物羧酸酯酶抑制剂,对肠道羧酸酯酶有高亲和力[27]。Yoon等[28]也研究羧酸酯酶选择性抑制剂的分子机制,从而防治伊立替康的肠毒性。此类药物仍处于实验阶段,还需临床方面验证。

2.4 β-葡萄糖苷酸酶抑制剂

国内外均有研究报道,口服抗生素可以杀死肠道内细菌从而减少β-葡萄糖苷酸酶的生成,抑制伊立替康至SN-38的转化,从而达到止泻的目的[29-30]。目前一些临床研究显示,抗生素可以治疗甚至预防伊立替康所致的迟发性腹泻。但同时长期使用抗生素可能导致细菌耐药或肠道菌群失调,易诱发抗生素相关性腹泻,故临床推广应用仍受到一定限制。Kong等[31]通过体外实验证实,三环类抗抑郁药及其代谢产物可抑制β-葡萄糖苷酸酶,使用伊立替康时小剂量的奥氮平即可显著抑制小鼠的腹泻并可抑制肿瘤生长,展现出良好的临床应用前景。亦有研究小分子抑制剂选择性破坏此酶可减轻肠黏膜的损伤[32]。

3 迟发性腹泻的预防

迟发性腹泻的预防用药方面相关大宗临床研究较少,并未形成常规方案,达成共识。目前研究较多的预防药物如下:

3.1 塞来昔布

塞来昔布是一种特异性的环氧化酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂,可以抑制PGE2的活性,体内外实验均已证实经抑制COX-2途径或COX-2依赖途径而对结直肠癌细胞有杀伤作用[33-35]。Reardon等[36]在临床中联合塞来昔布和伊立替康治疗34例恶性胶质瘤患者发现塞来昔布能提高患者的耐受性,有效预防伊立替康的迟发性腹泻。

3.2 重组人白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂

Wang等[37]研究发现,重组人白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂(rhIL-1Ra)在不影响肿瘤生长的同时可有效且特异性地保护肠隐窝上皮细胞而减轻小鼠的伊立替康相关性腹泻,预防性使用rhIL-1Ra可降低伊立替康所致腹泻的发生率,并减轻其严重性。

3.3 提高肠道pH值

伊立替康、SN-38和SN-38G都有一个易变的α-羟基-3-内酯环,不同pH值条件下发生可逆性水解,碱性条件下,形成低效的羧基型,酸性条件下,形成高效的内酯型。研究表明内酯型抑制拓扑异构酶Ⅰ的活性和抗瘤作用比羟基型强[38]。通过口服碳酸氢盐提高肠道pH值,降低肠道内SN-38内酯型浓度,可减少SN-38肠毒性,预防伊立替康引起的迟发性腹泻[39]。

3.4 中医药治疗

恶性肿瘤患者素体本虚,因化疗药毒损伤,正气更衰,脾失温煦,运化失健,脾病及肾,肾阳虚损,发生泄泻,基本病机为脾肾虚寒。迟发性腹泻患者正气已亏,化疗后脾胃更加虚弱,水谷不化,水湿内生,以致泻下清稀,久泻不止。以半夏泻心汤[40]、生姜泻心汤[41]、参苓白术散[42]、复方黄芩汤[43]为代表的多味经典方剂均以调和脾胃,健脾益气为主,经临床和实验证实,均有较好疗效。孙延沙等[44]从中医时间学角度观察伊立替康迟发性腹泻发生情况,显示寅卯时给药可降低腹泻发生率,为迟发性腹泻的防治提供了新的思路。

4 结语

伊立替康作为一种有效的化疗药物,广泛用于胃肠道肿瘤、肺癌、宫颈癌等多种肿瘤的治疗,但肠毒性发病率高,在一定程度上限制了其临床应用。伊立替康所致迟发性腹泻的原因尚不明确,本文对目前研究较为深入的几种机制,如羧酸酯酶、β-葡萄糖苷酸酶等进行了综述。UGT1A1基因多态性及一些分子标志物在伊立替康所致腹泻中的作用研究,目前国内外有较多报道,本文对其进展做了较为全面的讨论。在迟发性腹泻的预防和治疗方面,虽然可选择药物较多,但临床疗效仍有限。中药在多年的经验治疗中显示出其独特的作用,但需进一步进行前瞻性临床研究并探讨其作用机制。一些临床前研究证实有效的药物如奥氮平、rhIL-1Ra可望在不久进入临床应用。

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Advances on the mechanism and treatment of Irinotecan-induced delayed diarrhea

YANG Lei LIAO Hong XU Keqiang
Department of Gastroenterology,458th Hospital of PLA,Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510602,China

Irinotecan is one of the main chemotherapy drugs of colorectal cancer and gynecological cancer,delayed diarrhea as the main adverse reaction limits its wide application.The mechanism of Irinotecan induced delayed diarrhea remains unclear,more research for:the active metabolite of Irinotecan is 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy camptothecin (SN-38), which results in delayed diarrhe.Liver uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1 A1(UGT1A1)can deactive SN-38,which is an important indicator of intestinal SN-38 concentration.The delayed diarrhea standard treatment is still to Loperamide based,supplemented by somatostatin,carboxylesterase inhibitors and other drugs are still in the phase of clinical research.There is no standard solution for prevention,the research results of Chinese and Western medicine need to expand the sample size to further confirm.

Irinotecan;Delayed diarrhea;Treatment;Prevention

R975.3

A

1673-7210(2015)11(b)-0030-04

2015-05-04本文编辑:张瑜杰)

杨雷(1978.6-),女,硕士;研究方向:消化道肿瘤。

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