国外数据库各学科高被引论文TOP5

高影响力文章

国外数据库各学科高被引论文TOP5

数据来源：Web of Science 文献出版时间：2013.1—2014.11 检索时间：2014.12.1

ACOUSTICS 声学

被引频次: 72

来源出版物: Ultraschall in Der Medizin， 2013， 34（2）: 169-184 联系邮箱: Bamber， J； jeff@icr.ac.uk

被引频次: 57

EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography. Part 2: Clinical Applications

Cosgrove， D； Piscaglia， F； Bamber， J； et al.

Abstract: The clinical part of these Guidelines and Recommendations produced under the auspices of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology EFSUMB assesses the clinically used applications of all forms of elastography， stressing the evidence from meta-analyses and giving practical advice for their uses and interpretation. Diffuse liver disease forms the largest section， reflecting the wide experience with transient and shear wave elastography. Then follow the breast， thyroid， gastro-intestinal tract， endoscopic elastography， the prostate and the musculo-skeletal system using strain and shear wave elastography as appropriate. The document is intended to form a reference and to guide clinical users in a practical way.

Keywords: radiation force impulse； real-time elastography； chronic hepatitis-c； liver stiffness measurement； shear-wave elastography； malignant thyroid-nodules； associazione medici endocrinologi； inflammatory-bowel-disease； prostate-cancer detection； focal pancreatic lesions

来源出版物: Ultraschall in Der Medizin， 2013， 34（3）: 238-253 联系邮箱: Cosgrove， D； d.cosgrove@imperial.ac.uk

被引频次: 47

Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound （CEUS） in the Liver - Update 2012 A WFUMB-EFSUMB Initiative in Cooperation With Representatives of AFSUMB， AIUM， ASUM， FLAUS and ICUS

Claudon， M； Dietrich， CF； Choi， BI； et al.

Abstract: Initially， a set of guidelines for the use of ultrasound contrast agents was published in 2004 dealing only with liver applications. A second edition of the guidelines in 2008 reflected changes in the available contrast agents and updated the guidelines for the liver， as well as implementing some non-liver applications. Time has moved on， and the need for international guidelines on the use of CEUS in the liver has become apparent. The present document describes the third iteration of recommendations for the hepatic use of contrast enhanced ultrasound （CEUS） using contrast specific imaging techniques. This joint WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative has implicated experts from major leading ultrasound societies worldwide. These liver CEUS guidelines are simultaneously published in the official journals of both organizing federations （i.e.， Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology for WFUMB and Ultraschall in der Medizin/European Journal of Ultrasound for EFSUMB）. These guidelines and recommendations provide general advice on the use of all currently clinically available ultrasound contrast agents （UCA）. They are intended to create standard protocols for the use and administration of UCA in liver applications on an international basis and improve the management of patients worldwide.

Keywords: small hepatocellular-carcinoma； gastrointestinal stromal tumors； guided radiofrequency ablation； hepatic-artery thrombosis；degum multicenter trial； intraoperative ultrasonography； colorectal-cancer； b-mode； peripheral cholangiocarcinoma； quantitative assessment

来源出版物: Ultraschall in Der Medizin， 2013， 34（1）: 11-29 联系邮箱: Dietrich， CF； christoph.dietrich@ckbm.de

被引频次: 40

Guidelines And Good Clinical Practice Recommendations For Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound （Ceus） In The Liver - Update 2012 A Wfumb-Efsumb Initiative In Cooperation With Representatives Of Afsumb， Aium， Asum， Flaus And Icus

Claudon， M； Dietrich， CF； Choi， BI； et al.

Abstract: Initially， a set of guidelines for the use of ultrasound contrast agents was published in 2004 dealing only with liver applications. A second edition of the guidelines in 2008 reflected changes in the available contrast agents and updated the guidelines for the liver， as well as implementing some non-liver applications. Time has moved on， and the need for international guidelines on the use of CEUS in the liver has become apparent. The present document describes the third iteration of recommendations for the hepatic use of contrast enhanced ultrasound （CEUS） using contrast specific imaging techniques. This joint WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative has implicated experts from major leading ultrasound societies worldwide. These liver CEUS guidelines are simultaneously published in the official journals of both organizing federations （i.e.， Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology for WFUMB and Ultraschall in der Medizin/European Journal of Ultrasound for EFSUMB）. These guidelines and recommendations provide general advice on the use of all currently clinically available ultrasound contrast agents （UCA）. They are intended to create standard protocols for the use and administration of UCA in liver applications on an international basis and improve the management of patients worldwide.

Keywords: small hepatocellular-carcinoma； gastrointestinal stromal tumors； guided radiofrequency ablation； hepatic-artery thrombosis；degum multicenter trial； intraoperative ultrasonography； colorectal-cancer； b-mode； peripheral cholangiocarcinoma； quantitative assessment

来源出版物: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology， 2013， 39（2）: 187-210 联系邮箱: Dietrich， CF； Christoph.dietrich@ckbm.de

被引频次: 34

Implementation of maternal blood cell-free DNA testing in early screening for aneuploidies

Gil， MM； Quezada， MS； Bregant， B； et al.

Abstract: Objective To explore the feasibility of routine maternal blood cell-free （cf） DNA testing in screening for trisomies 21， 18 and 13 at 10 weeks' gestation. Method In this prospective study， women attending The Fetal Medicine Centre in London， UK， between October 2012 and April 2013， with singleton pregnancy and live fetus with CRL 32-45 mm， were screened for trisomies 21， 18 and 13 by cfDNA testing at 10 weeks and the combined test at 12 weeks. Results cfDNA testing was performed in 1005 singleton pregnancies with a median maternal age of 37 （range， 20-49） years. Risks for trisomies were provided for 957 （95.2%） cases and in 98.0% these were available within 14 days from sampling. In 48 （4.8%） cases no result was provided due to problems with delivery to the laboratory， low fetal fraction or assay failure. Repeat sampling was performed in 40 cases and a result obtained in 27 （67.5%） of these. In 11 cases the risk score for trisomy 21 and in five cases that for trisomy 18 was ＞ 99%， in one the risk for trisomy 13 was 34% and in 968 the risk for each of the three trisomies was ＜ 0.01%. The suspected trisomies were confirmed by karyotyping after chorionic villus sampling （CVS）， except in one case of trisomy 18 in which the karyotype was normal. On the basis of the maternal age distribution of the study population， the expected and observed numbers for each of the three trisomies were similar. Both cfDNA and combined testing detected all trisomies， but the estimated false-positive rates （FPR） were 0.1% and 3.4%， respectively. Conclusion Routine screening for trisomies 21， 18 and 13 by cfDNA testing at 10 weeks is feasible and has a lower FPR than does combined testing， but abnormal results require confirmation by CVS.

Keywords: fetal nuchal-translucency； chromosomal-abnormalities； prenatal-diagnosis； down-syndrome； trisomy-21； risk； age

来源出版物: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology， 2013， 42（1）: 34-40 联系邮箱: Nicolaides， KH； kypros@fetalmedicine.com

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING农业工程

被引频次: 32

Role and significance of beta-glucosidases in the hydrolysis of cellulose for bioethanol production

Singhania， RR； Patel， AK； Sukumaran， RK； et al.

Abstract: One of the major challenges in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid biofuels includes the search for a glucose tolerant beta-gulucosidase. Beta-glucosidase is the key enzyme component present in cellulase and completes the final step during cellulose hydrolysis by converting the cellobiose to glucose. This reaction is always under control as it gets inhibited by its product glucose. It is a major bottleneck in the efficient biomass conversion by cellulase. To circumvent this problem several strategies have been adopted which we have discussed in the article along with its production strategies and general properties. It plays a very significant role in bioethanol production from biomass through enzymatic route. Hence several amendments took place in the commercial preparation of cellulase for biomass hydrolysis， which contains higher and improved beta-glucosidase for efficient biomass conversion. This article presents betaglucosidase as the key component for bioethanol from biomass through enzymatic route.

Keywords: trichoderma-reesei cellulase； myceliophthora sp imi-387099； pichia-pastoris； family 3； paecilomyces-thermophila； differential expression； functional expression； aspergillus-fumigatus； glycosyl hydrolases； enhanced production

来源出版物: Bioresource Technology， 2013， 127: 500-507 联系邮箱: Singhania， RR； reetasinghania@gmail.com

被引频次:31

Inhibitory effect of lignin during cellulose bioconversion: The effect of lignin chemistry on non-productive enzyme adsorption

Rahikainen， JL； Martin-Sampedro， R； Heikkinen， H； et al.

Abstract: The effect of lignin as an inhibitory biopolymer for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was studied； specially addressing the role of lignin in non-productive enzyme adsorption. Botanical origin and biomass pre-treatment give rise to differences in lignin structure and the effect of these differences on enzyme binding and inhibition were elucidated. Lignin was isolated from steam explosion （SE） pre-treated and non-treated spruce and wheat straw and used for the preparation of ultrathin films for enzyme binding studies. Binding of Trichoderma reesei Cel7A （CBHI） and the corresponding Cel7A-core， lacking the linker and the cellulose-binding domain， to the lignin films was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance （QCM）. SE pre-treatment altered the lignin structure， leading to increased enzyme adsorption. Thus， the positive effect of SE pre-treatment， opening the cell wall matrix to make polysaccharides more accessible， may be compromised by the structural changes of lignin that increase non-productive enzyme adsorption.

Keywords: steam-explosion pretreatment； trichoderma-reesei； cellobiohydrolase-i； wheat-straw； thin-films； hydrolysis； wood； softwood；surface； delignification

来源出版物: Bioresource Technology， 2013， 133: 270-278 联系邮箱: Rahikainen， JL； jenni.rahikainen@vtt.fi

被引频次:28

Hydrothermal liquefaction （HTL） of microalgae for biofuel production: State of the art review and future prospects

Barreiro， DL； Prins， W； Ronsse， F； et al.

Abstract: Among the various types of biomass， microalgae have the potential of becoming a significant energy source for biofuel production in the coming years. Currently， research is mainly focusing on optimization of the cultivation methods and the conversion of just a single microalgae fraction （lipids for biodiesel production）. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a method for thermochemical conversion of wet microalgae， producing a liquid energy carrier called 'bio-oil' or 'biocrude'， next to gaseous， aqueous and solid by-products. A review of the available literature is presented here， analyzing the influence of parameters such as temperature， holding time and catalyst dosage on the yield and properties of the different product fractions. Also， the strain selection and the status of the technology for hydrothermal processes are analyzed. Finally， based on the findings obtained from the literature review， directions for future research are suggested.

Keywords: supercritical water； oil production； chlorella-protothecoides； dunaliella-tertiolecta； nannochloropsis sp； bio-oil； thermochemical liquefaction； catalytic gasification； marine microalgae； renewable fuels

来源出版物: Biomass & Bioenergy， 2013， 53: 113-127 联系邮箱: Barreiro， DL； Diego.LopezBarreiro@UGent.be

被引频次:26

Development of model for mechanical properties of tapioca starch based edible films

Maran， JP； Sivakumar， V； Sridhar， R； et al.

Abstract: Eco-efficient products are the new generation of bio-based products prepared with sustainable materials， which agree with ecological and economic requirements including environmentally acceptable disposal of post-user waste. Increasing environmental concerns associated with handling of plastic waste has emphasized the importance of developing biodegradable edible films from starch. The objective of this study is to develop models and study the individual and interactive effects of the process variables on the mechanical properties of tapioca starch-based edible films using Box-Behnken design. Box-Behnken design with four factors at three levels was employed to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of process parameters （tapioca starch 1-3 g； glycerol 0.5-1.0 ml； agar 0.5-1.0 g； and span 80:0.1-0.5 ml） on the tensile strength， elongation. Young's modulus， puncture force， and puncture deformation respectively. The results were analyzed using Pareto analysis of variance （ANOVA）. For each response， second order polynomial regression models were developed and it showed good fit of the experimental data with high coefficient of determination （R-2） and a close agreement between experimental and predicted values was found. The response surface and contour plots were constructed for representing the relationship between the process parameters and the responses.

Keywords: response-surface methodology； water-vapor permeability； box-behnken design； physical-properties； cassava starch； microstructural characterization； functional-properties； plasticized starch； tensile properties； thermal-properties

来源出版物: Industrial Crops and Products， 2013， 42: 159-168 联系邮箱: Sivakumar， V； prakashmaran@gmail.com

被引频次:26

Biosynthesis， characterisation and anti-bacterial effect of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles using Artemisia nilagirica

Vijayakumar， M； Priya， K； Nancy， FT； et al.

Abstract: Currently， there is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles due to their wide applicability in various markets， such as medicine， catalysis， electronics， chemistry and energy. In this report， a simple and eco-friendly chemical reaction for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles （AgNPs） from Artemisia nilagirica （Asteraceae） has been developed. Silver nitrate was used as the metal precursor and hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy-dispersive spectroscopy （EDX） were used to characterise the nanoparticles obtained from A. nilagirica. The morphology of the AgNPs was determined by SEM and the average diameter of the particles was determined as 70-90 nm. The EDX analysis of the nanoparticles dispersion， using a range of 2-4 keV. confirmed the presence of elemental silver， with no other impurity peaks detected. In addition， the characterised AgNPs has the potential for various medical and industrial applications. The results showed that microbial susceptibility to AgNPs is different for each microorganism.

Keywords: antimicrobial activity； escherichia-coli； microscopy； reduction； bacteria； extract

来源出版物: Industrial Crops and Products， 2013， 41: 235-240 联系邮箱: Vijayakumar， M； drvijay@um.edu.my

AGRICULTURE DAIRY ANIMAL SCIENCE 农业，乳品和动物科学

被引频次: 29

Genomic imputation and evaluation using high-density Holstein genotypes

VanRaden， PM； Null， DJ； Sargolzaei， M； et al.

Abstract: Genomic evaluations for 161，341 Holsteins were computed by using 311，725 of 777，962 markers on the IIlumina BovineHD Genotyping BeadChip （HD）. Initial edits with 1，741 HD genotypes from 5 breeds revealed that 636，967 markers were usable but that half were redundant. Holstein genotypes were from 1；510 animals with HD markers， 82，358 animals with 45；187 （50K） markers， 1，797 animals with 8，031 （8K） markers， 20，177 animals with 6，836 （6K） markers， 52，270 animals with 2；683 （3K） markers； and 3，229 nongenotyped dams （OK） with ＞90% of haplotypes imputable because they had 4 or more genotyped progeny. The Holstein HD genotypes were from 1；142 US， Canadian， British； and Italian sires， 196 other sires， 138 cows in a US Department of Agriculture research herd （Beltsville； MD），and 34 other females. Percentages of correctly imputed genotypes were tested by applying the programs findhap and FImpute to a simulated chromosome for an earlier population that had only 1；112 animals with HD genotypes and none with 8K genotypes. For each chip，1% of the genotypes were missing and 0.02% were incorrect initially. After imputation of missing markers with findhap； percentages of genotypes correct were 99.9% from HD； 99.0% from 50K， 94.6% from 6K， 90.5% from 3K， and 93.5% from OK. With FImpute， 99.96% were correct from HD， 99.3% from 50K， 94.7% from 6K， 91.1% from 3K， and 95.1% from OK genotypes. Accuracy for the 3K and 6K genotypes further improved by approximately 2 percentage points if imputed first to 50K and then to HD instead of imputing all genotypes directly to HD. Evaluations were tested by using imputed actual genotypes and August 2008 phenotypes to predict deregressed evaluations of US bulls proven after August 2008. For 28 traits tested； the estimated genomic reliability averaged 61.1% when using 311，725 markers vs. 60.7% when using 45，187 markers vs. 29.6% from the traditional parent average. Squared correlations with future data were slightly greater for 16 traits and slightly less for 12 with HD than with 50K evaluations. The observed 0.4 percentage point average increase in reliability was less favorable than the 0.9 expected from simulation but was similar to actual gains from other HD studies. The largest HD and 50K marker effects were often located at very similar positions. The single-breed evaluation tested here and previous single-breed or multibreed evaluations have not produced large gains. Increasing the number of HD genotypes used for imputation above 1；074 did not improve the reliability of Holstein genomic evaluations.

Keywords: predictions； traits； panels

来源出版物: Journal of Dairy Science， 2013， 96（1）: 668-678 联系邮箱: VanRaden， PM； paul.vanraden@ars.usda.gov

被引频次:24

Recent developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods

Shingfield， KJ； Bonnet， M； Scollan， ND

Abstract: There is increasing evidence to indicate that nutrition is an important factor involved in the onset and development of several chronic human diseases including cancer， cardiovascular disease （CVD）， type II diabetes and obesity. Clinical studies implicate excessive consumption of medium-chain saturated fatty acids （SFA） and trans-fatty acids （TFA） as risk factors for CVD， and in the aetiology of other chronic conditions. Ruminant-derived foods are significant sources of medium-chain SFA and TFA in the human diet， but also provide high-quality protein， essential micronutrients and several bioactive lipids. Altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods offers the opportunity to align the consumption of fatty acids in human populations with public health policies without the need for substantial changes in eating habits. Replacing conserved forages with fresh grass or dietary plant oil and oilseed supplements can be used to lower medium-chain and total SFA content and increase cis-9 18:1， total conjugated linoleic acid （CLA）， n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fattyacids （PUFA） to a variable extent in ruminant milk. However， inclusion of fish oil or marine algae in the ruminant diet results in marginal enrichment of 20- or 22-carbon PUFA in milk. Studies in growing ruminants have confirmed that the same nutritional strategies improve the balance of n-6/n-3 PUFA， and increase CLA and long-chain n-3 PUFA in ruminant meat， but the potential to lower medium-chain and total SFA is limited. Attempts to alter meat and milk fatty acid composition through changes in the diet fed to ruminants are often accompanied by several-fold increases in TFA concentrations. In extreme cases， the distribution of trans 18:1 and 18:2 isomers in ruminant foods may resemble that of partially hydrogenated plant oils. Changes in milk fat or muscle lipid composition in response to diet are now known to be accompanied by tissue-specific alterations in the expression of one or more lipogenic genes. Breed influences both milk and muscle fat content， although recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of genetic variability in transcript abundance and activity of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and identified polymorphisms for several key lipogenic genes in lactating and growing cattle. Although nutrition is the major factor influencing the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods， further progress can be expected through the use of genomic or marker-assisted selection to increase the frequency of favourable genotypes and the formulation of diets to exploit this genetic potential. Keywords: conjugated linoleic-acid； stearoyl-coa desaturase； japanese black cattle； lactating dairy-cows； subcutaneous adipose-tissue；element-binding protein-1； fed maize silage； mammary lipogenic enzymes； sunflower-seed oil； red-clover silage

来源出版物: Animal， 2013， 7: 132-162 联系邮箱: Shingfield， KJ； kevin.shingfield@mtt.fi

被引频次: 21

Prospects from agroecology and industrial ecology for animal production in the 21st century

Dumont， B； Fortun-Lamothe， L； Jouven， M； et al.

Abstract: Agroecology and industrial ecology can be viewed as complementary means for reducing the environmental footprint of animal farming systems: agroecology mainly by stimulating natural processes to reduce inputs， and industrial ecology by closing system loops，thereby reducing demand for raw materials， lowering pollution and saving on waste treatment. Surprisingly， animal farming systems have so far been ignored in most agroecological thinking. On the basis of a study by Altieri， who identified the key ecological processes to be optimized， we propose five principles for the design of sustainable animal production systems: （i） adopting management practices aiming to improve animal health， （ii） decreasing the inputs needed for production， （iii） decreasing pollution by optimizing the metabolic functioning of farming systems， （iv） enhancing diversity within animal production systems to strengthen their resilience and （v） preserving biological diversity in agroecosystems by adapting management practices. We then discuss how these different principles combine to generate environmental， social and economic performance in six animal production systems （ruminants， pigs， rabbits and aquaculture） covering a long gradient of intensification. The two principles concerning economy of inputs and reduction of pollution emerged in nearly all the case studies， a finding that can be explained by the economic and regulatory constraints affecting animal production. Integrated management of animal health was seldom mobilized， as alternatives to chemical drugs have only recently been investigated， and the results are not yet transferable to farming practices. A number of ecological functions and ecosystem services （recycling of nutrients， forage yield， pollination，resistance to weed invasion， etc.） are closely linked to biodiversity， and their persistence depends largely on maintaining biological diversity in agroecosystems. We conclude that the development of such ecology-based alternatives for animal production implies changes in the positions adopted by technicians and extension services， researchers and policymakers. Animal production systems should not only be considered holistically， but also in the diversity of their local and regional conditions. The ability of farmers to make their own decisions on the basis of the close monitoring of system performance is most important to ensure system sustainability.

Keywords: recirculating aquaculture systems； crop-livestock systems； life-cycle assessment； carp cyprinus-carpio； farming systems； grazing intensity； sustainable aquaculture； pollinating insects； species richness； food-production

来源出版物: Animal， 2013， 7（6）: 1028-1043 联系邮箱: Dumont， B； bertrand.dumont@clermont.inra.fr

被引频次: 21

Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: a review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds

Heo， JM； Opapeju， FO； Pluske， JR； et al.

Abstract: For the last several decades， antimicrobial compounds have been used to promote piglet growth at weaning through the prevention of subclinical and clinical disease. There are， however， increasing concerns in relation to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and the potential of these and associated resistance genes to impact on human health. As a consequence， European Union （EU）banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in swine and livestock production on 1 January 2006. Furthermore， minerals such as zinc （Zn） and copper （Cu） are not feasible alternatives/replacements to antibiotics because their excretion is a possible threat to the environment. Consequently， there is a need to develop feeding programs to serve as a means for controlling problems associated with the weaning transition without using antimicrobial compounds. This review， therefore， is focused on some of nutritional strategies that are known to improve structure and function of gastrointestinal tract and （or） promote post-weaning growth with special emphasis on probiotics， prebiotics， organic acids， trace minerals and dietary protein source and level.

Keywords: enterotoxigenic escherichia-coli； conjugated linoleic-acid； antibiotic growth promoters； small-intestinal morphology； medium-chain triglycerides； digestive enzyme-activity； spray-dried porcine； cereal nonstarch polysaccharides； receptor gene-expression； human colonic microbiota

来源出版物: Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition， 2013， 97（2）: 207-237

联系邮箱: Nyachoti， CM； nyachoti@cc.umanitoba.ca

被引频次: 20

Accuracy of prediction of genomic breeding values for residual feed intake and carcass and meat quality traits in Bos taurus， Bos indicus， and composite beef cattle

Bolormaa， S； Pryce， JE； Kemper， K； et al.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of genomic predictions for 19 traits including feed efficiency， growth， and carcass and meat quality traits in beef cattle. The 10，181 cattle in our study had real or imputed genotypes for 729，068 SNP although not all cattle were measured for all traits. Animals included Bos taurus， Brahman， composite， and crossbred animals. Genomic EBV （GEBV） were calculated using 2 methods of genomic prediction ［BayesR and genomic BLUP （GBLUP）］ either using a common training dataset for all breeds or using a training dataset comprising only animals of the same breed. Accuracies of GEBV were assessed using 5-fold cross-validation. The accuracy of genomic prediction varied by trait and by method. Traits with a large number of recorded and genotyped animals and with high heritability gave the greatest accuracy of GEBV. Using GBLUP， the average accuracy was 0.27 across traits and breeds， but the accuracies between breeds and between traits varied widely. When the training population was restricted to animals from the same breed as the validation population， GBLUP accuracies declined by an average of 0.04. The greatest decline in accuracy was found for the 4 composite breeds. The BayesR accuracies were greater by an average of 0.03 than GBLUP accuracies， particularly for traits with known genes of moderate to large effect mutations segregating. The accuracies of 0.43 to 0.48 for IGF-I traits were among the greatest in the study. Although accuracies are low compared with those observed in dairy cattle， genomic selection would still be beneficial for traits that are hard to improve by conventional selection， such as tenderness and residual feed intake. BayesR identified many of the same quantitative trait loci as a genomewide association study but appeared to map them more precisely. All traits appear to be highly polygenic with thousands of SNP independently associated with each trait.

Keywords: single nucleotide polymorphism； phenotypic characterization； genotypes； tenderness； multibreed； efficiency； temperate； genetics； descent； impact

来源出版物: Journal of Animal Science， 2013， 91（7）: 3088-3104 联系邮箱: Bolormaa， S； bolormaa.sunduimijid@dpi.vic.gov.au

AGRICULTURE MULTIDISCIPLINARY 农业，综合

被引频次:47

The knowns， known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon

Stockmann， U； Adams， MA； Crawford， JW； et al.

Abstract: Soil contains approximately 2344 Gt （1 gigaton = 1 billion tonnes） of organic carbon globally and is the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon. Small changes in the soil organic carbon stock could result in significant impacts on the atmospheric carbon concentration. The fluxes of soil organic carbon vary in response to a host of potential environmental and anthropogenic driving factors. Scientists worldwide are contemplating questions such as: 'What is the average net change in soil organic carbon due to environmental conditions or management practices？'， 'How can soil organic carbon sequestration be enhanced to achieve some mitigation of atmospheric carbon dioxide？' and 'Will this secure soil quality？'. These questions are far reaching， because maintaining and improving the world's soil resource is imperative to providing sufficient food and fibre to a growing population. Additional challenges are expected through climate change and its potential to increase food shortages. This review highlights knowledge of the amount of carbon stored in soils globally， and the potential for carbon sequestration in soil. It also discusses successful methods and models used to determine and estimate carbon pools and fluxes. This knowledge and technology underpins decisions to protect the soil resource.

Keywords: land-use change； microbial community structure； natural c-13 abundance； matter dynamics； litter decomposition； climate-change； nitrogen mineralization； temperature sensitivity； environmental-change； agricultural soils

来源出版物: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment， 2013， 164: 80-99 联系邮箱: Stockmann， U； uta.stockmann@sydney.edu.au

被引频次: 21

Does landscape composition affect pest abundance and their control by natural enemies？A review

Veres， A； Petit， S； Conord， C； et al.

Abstract: Landscape management could contribute to sustainable pest control. Landscape composition， in particular， could either directly impact a pest abundance by affecting its dispersal， mortality or reproduction， or indirectly by affecting its natural enemies. We performed an analysis of the scientific literature to assess how the proportion of different land covers at the landscape level is related to the abundance ofpests or to their control by natural enemies. Of 72 independent case studies， 45 reported an effect of landscape composition. Results confirmed the suspected suppressive effect of landscape scale amounts of semi-natural areas on in-field pests: landscapes with higher proportions of semi-natural areas exhibited lower pest abundance or higher pest control in fields. Contrarily， there was no clear direction in relationships between pests and pest control and landscape when the latter was described as the overall proportion of cultivated area or as that of crops host to particular pests. The analysis of original articles indicates that this lack of direction may be due to the diversity of land use intensity in the studied landscapes and to a too rough categorizing of land covers. This pleads for a better consideration of the functionality of crops and of their management in landscapes.

Keywords: winter oilseed rape； biological-control； land-use； agricultural landscapes； parasitoid interactions； ecosystem service； farming practices； biodiversity； diversity； agroecosystems

来源出版物: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment， 2013， 166（）: 110-117 联系邮箱: Lavigne， C； Claire.lavigne@avignon.inra.fr

被引频次: 20

Using sediment tracing to assess processes and spatial patterns of erosion in grazed rangelands，Burdekin River basin， Australia

Wilkinson， SN； Hancock， GJ； Bartley， R； et al.

Abstract: Identifying how agricultural practices can be changed to reduce sediment loss requires knowledge of the erosion processes and spatial areas contributing to end of catchment sediment loads. The Burdekin River basin in northeast Australia is a priority for such knowledge because of its large size （130，000 km2）， ongoing public investment in changing agricultural practices， and because sediment exports are known to affect the health of a significant aquatic ecosystem， the Great Barrier Reef （GBR）. This study applied sediment tracing techniques within the Burdekin River basin to identify the contributions of surface versus subsurface soil， and spatial areas to fine sediment export. Tracer properties included fallout radionuclides and geochemistry. The contributions of each sediment source to river sediment were identified with 95% confidence intervals using a Monte-Carlo numerical mixing model. Between 77% and 89% of fine sediment loss in the study area was derived from subsurface soil sources. High-resolution monitoring of river suspended sediment concentrations indicated that sediment sources were in close proximity to the drainage network， since concentrations were higher on the rising limb than the falling limb of large hydrographs. Gully erosion is likely to be the dominant subsurface soil erosion process， although channel bank erosion and hillslope filling cannot be discounted. The results contrast with previous sediment budget spatial modelling， which predicted that hillslope erosion was the dominant sediment source in the area， thus demonstrating the need to independently verify modelling predictions where input datasets are poor. The contribution of surface soil to river sediment was generally similar between catchments which were currently grazed and two catchments where livestock grazing ceased 7 years ago. Concurrent increases in vegetation cover in the non-grazed catchments indicate that surface erosion rates had declined， suggesting that subsurface soil erosion rates had also declined by a similar amount. The estimated contributions of spatial source areas within the large study catchments had narrower confidence intervals when source areas were defined using sediment from geologically distinct river tributaries， rather than using soil sampled from geological units in the catchment， since tributary sediment had less-variable geochemistry than catchment soil. Programs to reduce fine sediment losses from the Burdekin River basin should primarily focus on reducing sub-surface soil erosion proximal to the basin's drainage network. Understanding the biophysical processes of pollutant generation is important to help guide on-ground activities to improve water quality.

Keywords: great-barrier-reef； grazing land management； suspended sediment； fallout radionuclides； gully erosion； water-quality； catchment； coral； queensland； impacts

来源出版物: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment， 2013， 180: 90-102 联系邮箱: Wilkinson， SN； scott.wilkinson@csiro.au

被引频次:20

Selection of experimental treatments， methods used and evolution of management guidelines for comparing and measuring three grazed farmlet systems

Scott， JM； Gaden， CA； Edwards， C； et al.

Abstract: The Cicerone Project was a collaborative effort by livestock producers， researchers and extension specialists， which aimed to explore the profitability and sustainability of grazing enterprises on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales， Australia. A major part of the Project was the creation of a moderate scale， unreplicated farmlet experiment. The process of selecting the farmlet treatments and the design of the experiment involved considerable negotiation over an extended period in order to achieve 'ownership' by all those involved. The farmlets were designed to compare a typical farmlet （B） as the control with a second farmlet （A）， which received higher levels of pasture renovation and soil fertility， and a third （C）， which employed intensive rotational grazing management with short graze and long rest periods. Management guidelines were developed for all soil， pasture， livestock and grazing management decisions on the three farmlets. Whole-farmlet data are presented for the pastures sown， fertiliser applied， supplement fed， the stocking rates attained and the pattern of graze and rest periods over the experimental period from July 2000 to December 2006. Over the first 4 years of the trial， pastures were renovated on 71% of farmlet A while 8% of each of farmlets B and C were renovated. The rates of fertiliser applied to the three farmletsvaried according to soil test values and the different target values for soil phosphorus and sulfur. In thefirst year of the trial （2000-01）， the annual average stocking rates on farmlets A， B and C were 9.5， 7.9 and 9.1 dry sheep eqivalents/ha， respectively， whereas by the fifth year （2005）， the stocking rates were 11.2， 7.8 and 7.4 dry sheep equivalents/ha， respectively. This paper provides details of the general methods used in the farmlet trial， of relevance to a series of related papers which explore all aspects of the farmlet experiment and its findings. It also reports on the selection and definition of the farmlet treatments and describes how the guidelines evolved over the duration of the trial in response to the practical realities of conducting this complex， agroecosystem experiment. Keywords: grazing systems； botanical composition； national experiment； western victoria； pastures； australia； sustainability； productivity；program； sheep

来源出版物: Animal Production Science， 2013， 53（7-8）: 628-642 联系邮箱: Scott， JM； dr.jimscott@gmail.com

被引频次: 18

Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review

Cameron， KC； Di， HJ； Moir， JL

Abstract: Losses of nitrogen from the soil/plant system not only reduce soil fertility and plant yield but can also create adverse impacts on the environment. Ammonia emissions into the atmosphere contribute to acid rain and represent an indirect source of nitrous oxide greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrate leaching losses into rivers and lakes can cause eutrophication resulting in excessive growth of aquatic weeds and algae， which can reduce fish populations and the recreational value of the water. Nitrate contamination of drinking water supplies can cause health risks. Legislation that is designed to limit nitrate leaching losses from land has become a constraint on agricultural land use in many countries. Nitrous oxide emissions into the atmosphere contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer and also make a significant contribution to climate change. This review describes the nitrogen cycle in temperate soil/plant systems， the processes involved in each of the individual nitrogen loss pathways， the factors affecting the amounts of losses and the methods that are available to reduce these losses. The review has shown that careful management of temperate soil/plant systems using best management practices and newly developed technologies can increase the sustainability of agriculture and reduce its impact on the environment.

Keywords: nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide； surface-applied urea； ammonia-oxidizing bacteria； nitrate leaching losses； dairy shed effluent； 3，4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate dmpp； grazed pasture soil； new-zealand pasture； filled pore-space； oxide emissions

来源出版物: Annals of Applied Biology， 2013， 162（2）: 145-173 联系邮箱: Cameron， KC； keith.cameron@lincoln.ac.nz

AGRONOMY农学

被引频次: 63

Climate change， phenology， and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system

Richardson， AD； Keenan， TF； Migliavacca， M； et al.

Abstract: Vegetation phenology is highly sensitive to climate change. Phenology also controls many feedbacks of vegetation to the climate system by influencing the seasonality of albedo， surface roughness length， canopy conductance， and fluxes of water， energy， CO2and biogenic volatile organic compounds. In this review， we first discuss the environmental drivers of phenology， and the impacts of climate change on phenology， in different biomes. We then examine the vegetation-climate feedbacks that are mediated by phenology， and assess the potential impact on these feedbacks of shifts in phenology driven by climate change. We finish with an overview of phenological modeling and we suggest ways in which models might be improved using existing data sets. Several key weaknesses in our current understanding emerge from this analysis. First， we need a better understanding of the drivers of phenology， particularly in under-studied biomes （e.g. tropical forests）. We do not have a mechanistic understanding of the role of photoperiod， even in well-studied biomes. In all biomes， the factors controlling senescence and dormancy are not well-documented. Second， for the most part （i.e. with the exception of phenology impacts on CO2exchange） we have only a qualitative understanding of the feedbacks between vegetation and climate that are mediated by phenology. We need to quantify the magnitude of these feedbacks， and ensure that they are accurately reproduced by models. Third， we need to work towards a new understanding of phenological processes that enables progress beyond the modeling paradigms currently in use. Accurate representation of phenological processes in models that couple the land surface to the climate system is particularly important，especially when such models are being used to predict future climate.

Keywords: terrestrial biosphere model； net ecosystem productivity； volatile organic-compounds； northern hardwood forest； carbon-dioxide exchange； spring starting earlier； boreal aspen forest； leaf bud burst； deciduous forest； interannual variability

来源出版物: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology， 2013， 169: 156-173 联系邮箱: Richardson， AD； arichardson@oeb.harvard.edu

被引频次:54

Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: Facts and fiction

van der Ent， A； Baker， AJM； Reeves， RD； et al.

Abstract: Plants that accumulate metal and metalloid trace elements to extraordinarily high concentrations in their living biomass have inspired much research worldwide during the last decades. Hyperaccumulators have been recorded and experimentally confirmed for ele-ments such as nickel， zinc， cadmium， manganese， arsenic and selenium. However， to date， hyperaccumulation of lead， copper， cobalt，chromium and thallium remain largely unconfirmed. Recent uses of the term in relation to rare-earth elements require critical evaluation. Since the mid-1970s the term 'hyperaccumulator' has been used millions of times by thousands of people， with varying degrees of precision，aptness and understanding that have not always corresponded with the views of the originators of the terminology and of the present authors. There is therefore a need to clarify the circumstances in which the term 'hyperaccumulator' is appropriate and to set out the conditions that should be met when the terms are used. We outline here the main considerations for establishing metal or metalloid hyperaccumulation status of plants， （re）define some of the terminology and note potential pitfalls. Unambiguous communication will require the international scientific community to adopt standard terminology and methods for confirming the reliability of analytical data in relation to metal and metalloid hyperaccumulators.

Keywords: rare-earth-elements； thlaspi-caerulescens； arabidopsis-halleri； new-caledonia； cadmium hyperaccumulator； manganese accumulation； nickel accumulation； hyper-accumulator； ultramafic soils； genetic-basis

来源出版物: Plant and Soil， 2013， 362（1-2）: 319-334 联系邮箱: van der Ent， A； a.vanderent@uq.edu.au

被引频次:41

Improvement of the Oryza sativa Nipponbare reference genome using next generation sequence and optical map data

Kawahara， Y； de la Bastide， M； Hamilton， JP et al.

Abstract: Rice research has been enabled by access to the high quality reference genome sequence generated in 2005 by the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project （IRGSP）. To further facilitate genomic-enabled research， we have updated and validated the genome assembly and sequence for the Nipponbare cultivar of Oryza sativa （japonica group）. The Nipponbare genome assembly was updated by revising and validating the minimal tiling path of clones with the optical map for rice. Sequencing errors in the revised genome assembly were identified by re-sequencing the genome of two different Nipponbare individuals using the Illumina Genome Analyzer II/IIx platform. A total of 4，886 sequencing errors were identified in 321 Mb of the assembled genome indicating an error rate in the original IRGSP assembly of only 0.15 per 10，000 nucleotides. A small number （five） of insertions/deletions were identified using longer reads generated using the Roche 454 pyrosequencing platform. As the re-sequencing data were generated from two different individuals， we were able to identify a number of allelic differences between the original individual used in the IRGSP effort and the two individuals used in the re-sequencing effort. The revised assembly， termed Os-Nipponbare-Reference-IRGSP-1.0， is now being used in updated releases of the Rice Annotation Project and the Michigan State University Rice Genome Annotation Project， thereby providing a unified set of pseudomolecules for the rice community. A revised， error-corrected， and validated assembly of the Nipponbare cultivar of rice was generated using optical map data， re-sequencing data， and manual curation that will facilitate on-going and future research in rice. Detection of polymorphisms between three different Nipponbare individuals highlights that allelic differences between individuals should be considered in diversity studies.

Keywords: single-nucleotide polymorphisms； rice genome； annotation； DNA； association； resolution； alignment； resource； japonica； indica来源出版物: Rice， 2013， 6: 4 联系邮箱: Itoh， T； taitoh@affrc.go.jp

被引频次:37

Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis

Biederman， LA； Harpole， WS

Abstract: Biochar is a carbon-rich coproduct resulting from pyrolyzing biomass. When applied to the soil it resists decomposition， effectively sequestering the applied carbon and mitigating anthropogenic CO2emissions. Other promoted benefits of biochar application to soil include increased plant productivity and reduced nutrient leaching. However， the effects of biochar are variable and it remains unclear if recent enthusiasm can be justified. We evaluate ecosystem responses to biochar application with a meta-analysis of 371 independent studies culled from 114 published manuscripts. We find that despite variability introduced by soil and climate， the addition of biochar to soils resulted， on average， in increased aboveground productivity， crop yield， soil microbial biomass， rhizobia nodulation， plant K tissue concentration， soil phosphorus （P）， soil potassium （K）， total soil nitrogen （N）， and total soil carbon （C） compared with control conditions. Soil pH also tended to increase， becoming less acidic， following the addition of biochar. Variables that showed no significant mean response to biochar included belowground productivity， the ratio of aboveground:belowground biomass， mycorrhizal colonization of roots， plant tissue N，and soil P concentration， and soil inorganic N. Additional analyses found no detectable relationship between the amount of biochar added and aboveground productivity. Our results provide the first quantitative review of the effects of biochar on multiple ecosystem functions and the central tendencies suggest that biochar holds promise in being a win-win-win solution to energy， carbon storage， and ecosystem function. However， biochar's impacts on a fourth component， the downstream nontarget environments， remain unknown and present a critical research gap.

Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi； soil microbial biomass； coastal-plain soil； climate-change； black carbon； nitrogen-fixation； activated carbon； chemical-properties； charcoal hearths； field experiment

来源出版物: Global Change Biology Bioenergy， 2013， 5（2）: 202-214 联系邮箱: Biederman， LA； lbied@iastate.edu

被引频次: 36

The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project （AgMIP）: Protocols and pilot studies

Rosenzweig， C； Jones， JW； Hatfield， JL； et al.

Abstract: The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project （AgMIP） is a major international effort linking the climate，crop， and economic modeling communities with cutting-edge information technology to produce improved crop and economic models and the next generation of climate impact projections for the agricultural sector. The goals of AgMIP are to improve substantially the characterization of world food security due to climate change and to enhance adaptation capacity in both developing and developed countries. Analyses of the agricultural impacts of climate variability and change require a transdisciplinary effort to consistently link state-of-the-art climate scenarios to crop and economic models. Crop model outputs are aggregated as inputs to regional and global economic models to determine regional vulnerabilities， changes in comparative advantage， price effects， and potential adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector. Climate， Crop Modeling， Economics， and Information Technology Team Protocols are presented to guide coordinated climate， crop modeling， economics， and information technology research activities around the world， along with AgMIP Cross-Cutting Themes that address uncertainty， aggregation and scaling， and the development of Representative Agricultural Pathways （RAPs） to enable testing of climate change adaptations in the context of other regional and global trends. The organization of research activities by geographic region and specific crops is described， along with project milestones. Pilot results demonstrate AgMIP's role in assessing climate impacts with explicit representation of uncertainties in climate scenarios and simulations using crop and economic models. An intercomparison of wheat model simulations near Obregon， Mexico reveals inter-model differences in yield sensitivity to ［CO2］ with model uncertainty holding approximately steady as concentrations rise， while uncertainty related to choice of crop model increases with rising temperatures. Wheat model simulations with mid-century climate scenarios project a slight decline in absolute yields that is more sensitive to selection of crop model than to global climate model， emissions scenario， or climate scenario downscaling method. A comparison of regional and national-scale economic simulations finds a large sensitivity of projected yield changes to the simulations' resolved scales. Finally， a global economic model intercomparison example demonstrates that improvements in the understanding of agriculture futures arise from integration of the range of uncertainty in crop， climate， and economic modeling results in multi-model assessments.

Keywords: stochastic weather generators； climate-change research； cropgro-soybean model； integrated assessment； US agriculture； system model； elevated CO2； yield； impacts； variability

来源出版物: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology， 2013， 170: 166-182 联系邮箱: Rosenzweig， C； cynthia.rosenzweig@nasa.gov

ALLERGY过敏

被引频次: 47

Update on allergy immunotherapy: American Academy of Allergy， Asthma & Immunology/ European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology/PRACTALL consensus report

Burks， AW； Calderon， MA； Casale， T； et al.

Abstract: Allergy immunotherapy （AIT） is an effective treatment for allergic asthma and rhinitis， as well as venom-induced anaphylaxis. In addition to reducing symptoms， AIT can change the course of allergic disease and induce allergen-specific immune tolerance. In current clinical practice immunotherapy is delivered either subcutaneously or sublingually； some allergens， such as grass pollen， can be delivered through either route， whereas others， such as venoms， are only delivered subcutaneously. Both subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy appear to have a duration of efficacy of up to 12 years， and both can prevent the development of asthma and new allergen sensitivities. In spite of the advances with AIT， safer and more effective AIT strategies are needed， especially for patients with asthma， atopic dermatitis， or food allergy. Novel approaches to improve AIT include use of adjuvants or recombinant allergens and alternate routes of administration. As part of the PRACTALL initiatives， the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy，Asthma & Immunology nominated an expert team to develop a comprehensive consensus report on the mechanisms of AIT and its use in clinical practice， as well as unmet needs and ongoing developments in AIT. This resulting report is endorsed by both academies.

Keywords: grass-pollen immunotherapy； oral tolerance induction； t-regulatory-cells； cows milk allergy； sublingual immunotherapy；double-blind； subcutaneous immunotherapy； rush immunotherapy； systemic reactions； food allergy

来源出版物: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology， 2013， 131（5）: 1288 联系邮箱: Burks， AW； wburks@email.unc.edu

被引频次:42

Corticosteroid resistance in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Barnes， PJ

Abstract: Reduced responsiveness to the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids is a major barrier to effective management of asthma in smokers and patients with severe asthma and in the majority of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. The molecular mechanisms leading to steroid resistance are now better understood， and this has identified new targets for therapy. In patients with severe asthma， several molecular mechanisms have been identified that might account for reduced steroid responsiveness， including reduced nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptor （GR） alpha after binding corticosteroids. This might be due to modification of the GR by means of phosphorylation as a result of activation of several kinases （p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase alpha， p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase gamma， and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1）， which in turn might be due to reduced activity and expression of phosphatases， such as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase A2. Other mechanisms proposed include increased expression of GR beta， which competes with and thus inhibits activated GR alpha； increased secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor； competition with the transcription factor activator protein 1； and reduced expression of histone deacetylase （HDAC） 2. HDAC2 appears to mediate the action of steroids to switch off activated inflammatory genes， but in patients with COPD， patients with severe asthma， and smokers with asthma， HDAC2 activity and expression are reduced by oxidative stress through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta. Strategies for managing steroid resistance include alternative anti-inflammatory drugs， but a novel approach is to reverse steroid resistance by increasing HDAC2 expression， which can be achieved with theophylline and phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta inhibitors. Long-acting beta（2）-agonists can also increase steroid responsiveness by reversing GR alpha phosphorylation. Identifying the molecular mechanisms of steroid resistance in asthmatic patients and patients with COPD can thus lead to more effective anti-inflammatory treatments.

Keywords: glucocorticoid-receptor-beta； migration inhibitory factor； blood mononuclear-cells； histone deacetylase 2； inhaled combination therapy； regulatory t-cells； gene-expression； airway inflammation； insensitive asthma； bronchial-asthma

来源出版物: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology， 2013， 131（3）: 636-645 联系邮箱: Barnes， PJ； p.j.barnes@imperial.ac.uk

被引频次: 40

The multifunctional role of filaggrin in allergic skin disease

McAleer， MA； Irvine， AD

Abstract: Filaggrin is a major structural protein in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. Mutations in the filaggrin gene are the most significant known genetic risk factor for the development of atopic dermatitis. Mutations in the human filaggrin gene （FLG） also confer risk for the associated allergic diseases of food allergy， asthma， and allergic rhinitis. These discoveries have highlighted the importance of skin barrier function in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases and have motivated a surge in research characterizing the filaggrin-deficient skin barrier and its consequences. In this review we discuss the mechanisms through which mutations in this protein contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and associated atopic conditions. We focus on recent human and murine discoveries characterizing the filaggrin-deficient epidermis with respect to biophysical， immunologic， and microbiome abnormalities.

Keywords: thymic stromal lymphopoietin； transepidermal water-loss； down-regulates filaggrin； of-function mutations； in-vivo expression；atopic-dermatitis； staphylococcus-aureus； null mutations； t-cells； epithelial-cells

来源出版物: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology， 2013， 131（2）: 280-291 联系邮箱: Irvine， AD； irvinea@tcd.ie

被引频次:40

Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: A randomized， double-blind，placebo-controlled multicenter trial

Fleischer， DM； Burks， AW； Vickery， BP； et al.

Abstract: Background: There are presently no available therapeutic options for patients with peanut allergy.

Objective: We sought to investigate the safety， efficacy， and immunologic effects of peanut sublingual immunotherapy （SLIT）. Methods: After a baseline oral food challenge （OFC） of up to 2 g of peanut powder （approximately 50% protein； median successfully consumed dose ［SCD］， 46 mg）， 40 subjects， aged 12 to 37 years （median， 15 years）， were randomized 1:1 across 5 sites to daily peanut or placebo SLIT. A 5-g OFC was performed after 44 weeks， followed by unblinding； placebo-treated subjects then crossed over to higher dose peanut SLIT， followed by a subsequent crossover Week 44 5-g OFC. Week 44 OFCs from both groups were compared with baseline OFCs；subjects successfully consuming 5 g or at least 10-fold more peanut powder than the baseline OFC threshold were considered responders.

Results: After 44 weeks of SLIT， 14 （70%） of 20 subjects receiving peanut SLIT were responders compared with 3 （15%） of 20 subjects receiving placebo （P ＜0.001）. In peanut SLIT responders， median SCD increased from 3.5 to 496 mg. After 68 weeks of SLIT， median SCD significantly increased to 996 mg （compared with Week 44， P = .05）. The median SCD at the Week 44 Crossover OFC was significantly higher than baseline （603 vs 71 mg， P = .02）. Seven （44%） of 16 crossover subjects were responders； median SCD increased from 21 to 496 mg among responders. Of 10，855 peanut doses through the Week 44 OFCs， 63.1% were symptom free； excluding oral-pharyngealsymptoms， 95.2% were symptom free.

Conclusions: Peanut SLIT safely induced a modest level of desensitization in a majority of subjects compared with placebo. Longer duration of therapy showed statistically significant increases in the SCD.

Keywords: quality-of-life； oral tolerance induction； hazelnut food allergy； cows milk allergy； natural-history； anaphylactic reactions； resource implications； budget impact； kiwi fruit； children

来源出版物: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology， 2013， 131（1）: 119-127 联系邮箱: Fleischer， DM； Fleischerd@njhealth.org

被引频次:38

Empiric 6-food elimination diet induced and maintained prolonged remission in patients with adult eosinophilic esophagitis: A prospective study on the food cause of the disease

Lucendo， AJ； Arias， A； Gonzalez-Cervera， J； et al.

Abstract: Background: Although empiric exclusion from the diet of the 6 food groups most likely to trigger allergies achieves eosinophilic esophagitis （EoE） remission in children， data on its prolonged efficacy and effects on adults are lacking. Objective: We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-food elimination diet in inducing and maintaining prolonged remission in patients with adult EoE.

Methods: Sixty-seven consecutive patients with adult EoE were prospectively recruited and treated exclusively with a diet avoiding cereals，milk， eggs， fish/seafood， legumes/peanuts， and soy for 6 weeks. Subsequent challenge was undertaken by sequentially reintroducing all excluded single foods， followed by endoscopy and biopsies， which were developed every 6 weeks in case of response （eosinophil peak count reduction to ＜15/high-power field ［hpf］）. A food was considered a trigger for EoE and removed from the diet if pathologic eosinophilic infiltration （＞= 15 eosinophils/hpf） reappeared. Food-specific serum IgE measurements and skin prick tests were performed before initiating the diet.

Results: Forty-nine （73.1%） patients exhibited significantly reduced eosinophil peak counts （＜15 eosinophils/hpf） before sequential single-food reintroduction. A single offending food antigen was identified in 35.71% of patients， 2 food triggers were identified in 30.95%，and 3 or more food triggers were identified in 33.3%. Cow's milk was the most common food antigen （61.9%）， followed by wheat （28.6%），eggs （26.2%）， and legumes （23.8%）. Prior allergy tests showed no concordance with food-reintroduction challenge results. All patients who continued to avoid the offending foods maintained histopathologic and clinical EoE remission for up to 3 years.

Conclusions: An empiric 6-food elimination diet effectively induced remission of active adult EoE， which was maintained for up to 3 years with individually tailored， limited exclusion diets.

Keywords: causative foods； patch tests； skin prick； children； allergy； prevalence； identification； population； therapy

来源出版物: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology， 2013， 131（3）: 797-804 联系邮箱: Lucendo， AJ； alucendo@vodafone.es

ANATOMY MORPHOLOGY 解剖学与形态学

被引频次: 24

Hippocampal microRNA-132 mediates stress-inducible cognitive deficits through its acetylcholinesterase target

Shaltiel， G； Hanan， M； Wolf， Y； et al.

Abstract: Diverse stress stimuli induce long-lasting cognitive deficits， but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Here， we report three different stress models demonstrating that stress-inducible increases in microRNA-132 （miR-132） and consequent decreases in its acetylcholinesterase （AChE） target are causally involved. In a mild model of predator scent-induced anxiety， we demonstrate long-lasting hippocampal elevation of miR-132， accompanied by and associated with reduced AChE activity. Using lentiviral-mediated suppression of "synaptic" AChE-S mRNA， we quantified footshock stress-inducible changes in miR-132 and AChE and its corresponding cognitive damages. Stressed mice showed long-lasting impairments in the Morris water maze. In contrast， pre-stress injected AChE-suppressing lentivirus， but not a control virus， reduced hippocampal levels of both miR-132 and AChE and maintained similar cognitive performance to that of na ＜ ve， non-stressed mice. To dissociate between miR-132 and synaptic AChE-S as potential causes for stress-inducible cognitive deficits， we further used engineered TgR mice with enforced over-expression of the soluble "readthrough" AChE-R variant without the 3'-untranslated region binding site for miR-132. TgR mice displayed excess AChE-R in hippocampal neurons，enhanced c-fos labeling and correspondingly intensified reaction to the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine. They further showed excessive hippocampal expression of miR-132， accompanied by reduced host AChE-S mRNA and the GTPase activator p250GAP target of miR-132. At the behavioral level， TgR mice showed abnormal nocturnal locomotion patterns and serial maze mal-performance in spite of their reduced AChE-S levels. Our findings attribute stress-inducible cognitive impairments to cholinergic-mediated induction of miR-132 and consequently suppressed ACHE-S， opening venues for intercepting these miR-132-mediated damages.

Keywords: long-term potentiation； anterior cingulate cortex； messenger-rna； readthrough acetylcholinesterase； circadian-clock； fear memory； in-vivo； c-fos； expression； brain

来源出版物: Brain Structure & Function， 2013， 218（1）: 59-72 联系邮箱: Soreq， H； soreq@cc.huji.ac.il

被引频次: 23

Novel sex-determining genes in fish and sex chromosome evolution

Kikuchi， K； Hamaguchi， S

Abstract: Although the molecular mechanisms underlying many developmental events are conserved across vertebrate taxa， the lability at the top of the sex-determining （SD） cascade has been evident from the fact that four master SD genes have been identified: mammalian Sry；chicken DMRT1； medaka Dmy； and Xenopus laevis DM-W. This diversity is thought to be associated with the turnover of sex chromosomes， which is likely to be more frequent in fishes and other poikilotherms than in therian mammals and birds. Recently， four novel candidates for vertebrate SD genes were reported， all of them in fishes. These include amhy in the Patagonian pejerrey， Gsdf in Oryzias luzonensis， Amhr2 in fugu and sdY in rainbow trout. These studies provide a good opportunity to infer patterns from the seemingly chaotic picture of sex determination systems. Here， we review recent advances in our understanding of the master SD genes in fishes. Developmental Dynamics 242:339353， 2013.

Keywords: anti-mullerian hormone； turtle trachemys-scripta； germ-cell proliferation； medaka oryzias-latipes； cytochrome-b gene；dm-domain gene； inhibiting substance； y-chromosome； odontesthes-bonariensis； patagonina-hatcheri

来源出版物: Developmental Dynamics， 2013， 242（4）: 339-353 联系邮箱: Kikuchi， K； akikuchi@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp

被引频次: 21

Analysis of the subcomponents and cortical terminations of the perisylvian superior longitudinal fasciculus: a fiber dissection and DTI tractography study

Martino， J； Hamer， PCD； Berger， MS； et al.

Abstract: The anatomy of the perisylvian component of the superior longitudinal fasciculus （SLF） has recently been reviewed by numerous diffusion tensor imaging tractography （DTI） studies. However， little is known about the exact cortical terminations of this tract. The aim of the present work is to isolate the different subcomponents of this tract with fiber dissection and DTI tractography， and to identify the exact cortical connections. Twelve postmortem human hemispheres （6 right and 6 left） were dissected using the cortex-sparing fiber dissection. In addition， three healthy brains were analyzed using DTI-based tractography software. The different components of the perisylvian SLF were isolated and the fibers were followed until the cortical terminations. Three segments of the perisylvian SLF were identified: （1）anterior segment， connecting the supramarginal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus with the precentral gyrus， （2） posterior segment， connecting the posterior portion of the middle temporal gyrus with the angular gyrus， and （3） long segment of the arcuate fasciculus that connects the middle and inferior temporal gyri with the precentral gyrus and posterior portion of the inferior and middle frontal gyri. In the present study， three different components of the perisylvian SLF were identified. For the first time， our dissections revealed that each component was connected to a specific cortical area within the frontal， parietal and temporal lobes. By accurately depicting not only the trajectory but also cortical connections of this bundle， it is possible to develop new insights into the putative functional role of this tract.

Keywords: human brain； white-matter； language pathways； arcuate fasciculus； anatomic dissection； temporal-lobe； in-vivo； occipitofrontal fasciculus； neurocognitive networks； functional-anatomy

来源出版物: Brain Structure & Function， 2013， 218（1）: 105-121 联系邮箱: Martino， J； juan.martino@hotmail.com

被引频次: 18

Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system

Adams， RA； Shipp， S； Friston， KJ

Abstract: The descending projections from motor cortex share many features with top-down or backward connections in visual cortex； for example， corticospinal projections originate in infragranular layers， are highly divergent and （along with descending cortico-cortical projections） target cells expressing NMDA receptors. This is somewhat paradoxical because backward modulatory characteristics would not be expected of driving motor command signals. We resolve this apparent paradox using a functional characterisation of the motor system based on Helmholtz's ideas about perception； namely， that perception is inference on the causes of visual sensations. We explain behaviour in terms of inference on the causes of proprioceptive sensations. This explanation appeals to active inference， in which higher cortical levels send descending proprioceptive predictions， rather than motor commands. This process mirrors perceptual inference in sensory cortex，where descending connections convey predictions， while ascending connections convey prediction errors. The anatomical substrate of this recurrent message passing is a hierarchical system consisting of functionally asymmetric driving （ascending） and modulatory （descending）connections: an arrangement that we show is almost exactly recapitulated in the motor system， in terms of its laminar， topographic and physiological characteristics. This perspective casts classical motor reflexes as minimising prediction errors and may provide a principled explanation for why motor cortex is agranular.

Keywords: ventral premotor cortex； classical receptive-field； posterior parietal cortex； optimal feedback-control； upper-limb motoneurons；visual cortical areas； free-energy principle； dorsal column nuclei； frontal-lobe inputs； mouse barrel cortex

来源出版物: Brain Structure & Function， 2013， 218（3）: 611-643 联系邮箱: Adams， RA；……