国外数据库各学科高被引论文TOP5

高影响力文章

国外数据库各学科高被引论文TOP5

数据来源：Web of Science文献出版时间：2013.1—2014.11检索时间：2014.12.1

OCEANOGRAPHY 海洋学

被引频次： 32

来源出版物： Annual Review of Marine Science，2013，5: 477-501联系邮箱： Treguer，PJ； paul.treguer@univ-brest.fr

被引频次： 31

Misuse of the phytoplanktonzooplankton dichotomy： the need to assign organisms as mixotrophs within plankton functional types

Flynn，KJ； Stoecker，DK； Mitra，A； et al.

Abstract： The classic portrayal of plankton is dominated by phytoplanktonic primary producers and zooplanktonic secondary producers. In reality，many if not most plankton traditionally labelled as phytoplankton or microzooplankton should be identified as mixotrophs，contributing to both primary and secondary production. Mixotrophic protists（i.e. single-celled eukaryotes that perform photosynthesis and graze on particles）do not represent a minor component of the plankton，as some form of inferior representatives of the past evolution of protists；they represent a major component of the extant protist plankton，and one which could become more dominant with climate change. The implications for this mistaken identification，of the incorrect labelling of mixotrophs as phytoplankton or microzooplankton，are great. It extends from the（mis）use of photopigments as indicators of primary production performed by strict photoautotrophs rather than also（co）locating mixotrophic activity，through to the inadequacy of plankton functional type descriptions in models（noting that mixotrophic production in the individual organism is not a simple sum of phototrophy and heterotrophy）. We propose that mixotrophy should be recognized as a major contributor to plankton dynamics，with due effort expended in field and laboratory studies，and should no longer be side-lined in conceptual food webs or in mathematical models.

Keywords： red-tide； cyanobacterium synechococcus； dinophysis-caudata； marine ecosystems； bloom dynamics； growth； carbon； photosynthesis； protists； nitrogen

来源出版物： Journal of Plankton Research，2013，35（1）: 3-11联系邮箱： Flynn，KJ； k.j.flynn@swansea.ac.uk

被引频次： 26

The Global Distribution and Dynamics of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter

Nelson，NB； Siegel，DA

Abstract： Chromophoric dissolved organic matter（CDOM）is a ubiquitous component of the open ocean dissolved matter pool，and is important owing to its influence on the optical properties of the water column，its role in photochemistry and photobiology，and its utility as a tracer of deep ocean biogeochemical processes and circulation. In this review，we discuss the global distribution and dynamics of CDOM in the ocean，concentrating on developments in the past 10 years and restricting our discussion to open ocean and deep ocean（below the main thermocline）environments. CDOM has been demonstrated to exert primary control on ocean color by its absorption of light energy，which matches or exceeds that of phytoplankton pigments in most cases. This has important implications for assessing the ocean biosphere via ocean color-based remote sensing and the evaluation of ocean photochemical and photobiological processes. The general distribution ofCDOM in the global ocean is controlled by a balance between production（primarily microbial remineralization of organic matter）and photolysis，with vertical ventilation circulation playing an important role in transporting CDOM to and from intermediate water masses. Significant decadal-scale fluctuations in the abundance of global surface ocean CDOM have been observed using remote sensing，indicating a potentially important role for CDOM in ocean-climate connections through its impact on photochemistry and photobiology.

Keywords： mississippi river plume； middle atlantic bight； sargasso sea； ocean color； optical-properties； absorption-coefficients； in-situ；light-absorption； north-atlantic； pacific-ocean

来源出版物： Annual Review of Marine Science，2013，5: 447-476联系邮箱： Nelson，NB； norm@eri.ucsb.edu

被引频次： 25

Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon Fractions

Hansell，DA

Abstract： Marine dissolved organic carbon（DOC）exhibits a spectrum of reactivity，from very fast turnover of the most bioavailable forms in the surface ocean to long-lived materials circulating within the ocean abyss. These disparate reactivities group DOC by fractions with distinctive functions in the cycling of carbon，ranging from support of the microbial loop to involvement in the biological pump to a hypothesized major source/sink of atmospheric CO2driving paleoclimate variability. Here，the major fractions constituting the global ocean's recalcitrant DOC pool are quantitatively and qualitatively characterized with reference to their roles in carbon biogeochemistry. A nomenclature for the fractions is proposed based on those roles.

Keywords： northwestern sargasso sea； zooplankton vertical migration； apparent oxygen utilization； subtropical north-atlantic； combined neutral sugars； pacific-ocean； deep-ocean； ross sea； mediterranean-sea； water column

来源出版物： Annual Review of Marine Science，2013，5: 421-445联系邮箱： Hansell，DA； dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu

被引频次： 24

The responses of eight coral reef calcifiers to increasing partial pressure of CO2do not exhibit a tipping point

Comeau，S； Edmunds，PJ； Spindel，NB； et al.

Abstract： The objective of this study was to investigate whether a tipping point exists in the calcification responses of coral reef calcifiers to CO2. We compared the effects of six partial pressures of CO2（P-CO2）from 28 Pa to 210 Pa on the net calcification of four corals（Acropora pulchra，Porites rus，Pocillopora damicornis，and Pavona cactus），and four calcified algae（Hydrolithon onkodes，Lithophyllum flavescens，Halimeda macroloba，and Halimeda minima）. After 2 weeks of acclimation in a common environment，organisms were incubated in 12 aquaria for 2 weeks at the targeted P-CO2levels and net calcification was quantified. All eight species calcified at the highest P-CO2in which the calcium carbonate aragonite saturation state was similar to 1. Calcification decreased linearly as a function of increasing partial P-CO2in three corals and three algae. Overall，the decrease in net calcification as a function of decreasing pH was similar to 10% when ambient P-CO2（39 Pa）was doubled. The calcification responses of P. damicornis and H. macroloba were unaffected by increasing P-CO2. These results are inconsistent with the notion that coral reefs will be affected by rising P-CO2in a response characterized by a tipping point. Instead，our findings combined among taxa suggest a gradual decline in calcification will occur，but this general response includes specific cases of complete resistance to rising P-CO2. Together our results suggest that the overall response of coral reef communities to ocean acidification will be monotonic and inversely proportional to P-CO2，with reef-wide responses dependent on the species composition of calcifying taxa.

Keywords： ocean acidification； climate-change； calcification； algae； productivity； temperature； halimeda

来源出版物： Limnology and Oceanography，2013，58（1）: 388-398联系邮箱： Comeau，S； steve.comeau@csun.edu

ONCOLOGY 肿瘤

被引频次： 2919

Cancer statistics, 2013

Siegel，R； Naishadham，D； Jemal，A

Abstract： Each year，the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence，mortality，and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute，the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention，and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1660290 new cancer cases and 580350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data（2005-2009），delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men（by 0.6% per year）and were stable in women，while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.5% per year in women. Overall，cancer death rates have declined 20% from their peak in 1991（215.1 per 100000 population）to 2009（173.1 per 100000 population）. Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites（lung，colorectum，breast，and prostate）. Over the past 10 years of data（2000-2009），the largest annual declines in death rates were for chronic myeloid leukemia（8.4%），cancers of the stomach（3.1%）and colorectum（3.0%），and non-Hodgkin lymphoma（3.0%）. The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of approximately 1.18 million deaths from cancer，with 152900 of these deaths avertedin 2009 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population，with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket and other underserved populations.

Keywords： current calendar year； breast-cancer； lung-cancer； trends； nation； counts； rates； us； race/ethnicity； diagnosis

来源出版物： Ca-a Cancer Journal For Clinicians，2013，63（1）: 11-30联系邮箱： Siegel，R； Rebecca.siegel@cancer.org

被引频次： 489

Cancer Statistics, 2014

Siegel，R； Ma，JM； Zou，ZH； et al.

Abstract： Each year，the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence，mortality，and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute，the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention，and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1665540 new cancer cases and 585720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2014. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data（2006-2010），delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men（by 0.6% per year）and were stable in women，while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The combined cancer death rate（deaths per 100000 population）has been continuously declining for 2 decades，from a peak of 215.1 in 1991 to 171.8 in 2010. This 20% decline translates to the avoidance of approximately 1340400 cancer deaths（952700 among men and 387700 among women）during this time period. The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age，race，and sex，ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years. Notably，black men experienced the largest drop within every 10-year age group. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.

Keywords： current calendar year； breast-cancer； united-states； socioeconomic-status； prostate-cancer； incidence rates； lung-cancer； trends；disparities； diagnosis

来源出版物： Ca-a Cancer Journal For Clinicians，2014，64（1）: 9-29联系邮箱： Siegel，R； rebecca.siegel@cancer.org

被引频次： 245

Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe： Estimates for 40 countries in 2012

Ferlay，J； Steliarova-Foucher，E； Lortet-Tieulent，J； et al.

Abstract： Introduction: Cancer incidence and mortality estimates for 25 cancers are presented for the 40 countries in the four United Nations-defined areas of Europe and for the European Union（EU-27）for 2012.

Methods: We used statistical models to estimate national incidence and mortality rates in 2012 from recently-published data，predicting incidence and mortality rates for the year 2012 from recent trends，wherever possible. The estimated rates in 2012 were applied to the corresponding population estimates to obtain the estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in Europe in 2012.

Results: There were an estimated 3.45 million new cases of cancer（excluding non-melanoma skin cancer）and 1.75 million deaths from cancer in Europe in 2012. The most common cancer sites were cancers of the female breast（464000 cases），followed by colorectal（447000），prostate（417000）and lung（410000）. These four cancers represent half of the overall burden of cancer in Europe. The most common causes of death from cancer were cancers of the lung（353000 deaths），colorectal（215000），breast（131000）and stomach（107000）. In the European Union，the estimated numbers of new cases of cancer were approximately 1.4 million in males and 1.2 million in females，and around 707000 men and 555000 women died from cancer in the same year.

Conclusion: These up-to-date estimates of the cancer burden in Europe alongside the description of the varying distribution of common cancers at both the regional and country level provide a basis for establishing priorities to cancer control actions in Europe. The important role of cancer registries in disease surveillance and in planning and evaluating national cancer plans is becoming increasingly recognised，but needs to be further advocated. The estimates and software tools for further analysis（EUCAN 2012）are available online as part of the European Cancer Observatory（ECO）（http://eco.iarc.fr）.

Keywords： prostate-cancer； breast-cancer； trends； excess； states； birth

来源出版物： European Journal of Cancer，2013，49（6）: 1374-1403联系邮箱： Ferlay，J； ferlayj@iarc.fr

被引频次： 157

Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Ibrutinib（PCI-32765）Has Significant Activity in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Malignancies

Advani，RH； Buggy，JJ； Sharman，JP； et al.

Abstract： Purpose: Survival and progression of mature B-cell malignancies depend on signals from the B-cell antigen receptor，and Bruton tyrosine kinase（BTK）is a critical signaling kinase in this pathway. We evaluated ibrutinib（PCI-32765），a small-molecule irreversible inhibitor of BTK，in patients with B-cell malignancies.

Patients and Methods: Patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia received escalating oral doses of ibrutinib. Two schedules were evaluated: one，28 days on，7 days off； and two，once-daily continuous dosing. Occupancy of BTK by ibrutinib in peripheral blood was monitored using a fluorescent affinity probe. Dose escalation proceeded until either the maximum-tolerated dose（MTD）was achieved or，in the absence of MTD，until three dose levels above full BTK occupancy by ibrutinib. Response was evaluated every two cycles.

Results: Fifty-six patients with a variety of B-cell malignancies were treated over seven cohorts. Most adverse events were grade 1 and 2 in severity and self-limited. Dose-limiting events were not observed，even with prolonged dosing. Full occupancy of the BTK active site occurred at 2.5 mg/kg per day，and dose escalation continued to 12.5 mg/kg per day without reaching MTD. Pharmacokinetic data indicated rapid absorption and elimination，yet BTK occupancy was maintained for at least 24 hours，consistent with the irreversible mechanism. Objective response rate in 50 evaluable patients was 60%，including complete response of 16%. Median progression-free survival in all patients was 13.6 months.

Conclusion: Ibrutinib，a novel BTK-targeting inhibitor，is well tolerated，with substantial activity across B-cell histologies.

Keywords： chronic lymphocytic-leukemia； antigen-receptor； lymphoma； mechanisms； activation； survival； migration； disease； btk

来源出版物： Journal of Clinical Oncology，2013，31（1）: 88-94联系邮箱： Advani，RH； radvani@stanford.edu

被引频次： 151

Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 19752009, Featuring the Burden and Trends in Human Papillomavirus（HPV）Associated Cancers and HPV Vaccination Coverage Levels

Jemal，A； Simard，EP； Dorell，C； et al.

Abstract： The American Cancer Society（ACS），the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention（CDC），the National Cancer Institute（NCI），and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries（NAACCR）collaborate annually to provide updates on cancer incidence and death rates and trends in these outcomes for the United States. This year's report includes incidence trends for human papillomavirus（HPV）associated cancers and HPV vaccination（recommended for adolescents aged 1112 years）.

Data on cancer incidence were obtained from the CDC，NCI，and NAACCR，and data on mortality were obtained from the CDC. Long-（1975/1992-2009）and short-term（2000-2009）trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancers among men and among women were examined by joinpoint analysis. Prevalence of HPV vaccination coverage during 2008 and 2010 and of Papanicolaou（Pap）testing during 2010 were obtained from national surveys.

Death rates continued to decline for all cancers combined for men and women of all major racial and ethnic groups and for most major cancer sites； rates for both sexes combined decreased by 1.5% per year from 2000 to 2009. Overall incidence rates decreased in men but stabilized in women. Incidence rates increased for two HPV-associated cancers（oropharynx，anus）and some cancers not associated with HPV（eg，liver，kidney，thyroid）. Nationally，32.0%（95% confidence interval ［CI］ 30.3% to 33.6%）of girls aged 13 to 17 years in 2010 had received three doses of the HPV vaccine，and coverage was statistically significantly lower among the uninsured（14.1%，95% CI 9.4% to 20.6%）and in some Southern states（eg，20.0% in Alabama ［95% CI 13.9% to 27.9%］ and Mississippi ［95% CI 13.8% to 28.2%］），where cervical cancer rates were highest and recent Pap testing prevalence was the lowest.

The overall trends in declining cancer death rates continue. However，increases in incidence rates for some HPV-associated cancers and low vaccination coverage among adolescents underscore the need for additional prevention efforts for HPV-associated cancers，including efforts to increase vaccination coverage.

Keywords： immunization survey-teen； united-states； cervical-cancer； anal cancer； increasing incidence； incidence rates； thyroid-cancer；cell carcinoma； breast-cancer； cytologic abnormalities

来源出版物： Jnci-journal of The National Cancer Institute，2013，105（3）: 175-201联系邮箱： Jemal，A； ajemal@cancer.org

OPHTHALMOLOGY 眼科

被引频次： 45

Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness： The Beijing Eye Study

Wei，WB； Xu，L； Jonas，JB； et al.

Abstract： Purpose: To study subfoveal choroidal thickness（SFCT）in adult Chinese subjects and its correlation with ocular biometric parameters，refractive error，and age.

Design: Population-based longitudinal study.

Participants: The population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 included 3468 individuals with a mean age of 64.6±9.8 years（range，50-93 years）.

Methods: A detailed ophthalmic examination was performed，including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography（SD-OCT）with enhanced depth imaging for measurement of SFCT.

Main Outcome Measures: Subfoveal choroidal thickness.

Results: The SFCT measurements were available for 3233 subjects（93.2%）. Mean SFCT was 253.8±107.4 μm（range，8-854 μm）. In multivariate analysis，SFCT increased with younger age（P＜0.001； correlation coefficient r = 4.12； beta coefficient = -0.37），shorter axial length（P＜0.001； r = 44.7； beta coefficient = 0.46），male gender（P＜0.001； r = 28.5； beta coefficient = -0.13），deeper anterior chamber depth（P＜0.001； r = 39.3； beta coefficient = 0.13），thicker lens（P＜0.001； r = 26.8； beta coefficient = 0.08），flatter cornea（P＜0.001； r = 46.0； beta coefficient = 0.11），and better best-corrected visual acuity（BCVA）（logarithm of minimal angle of resolution； P = 0.001； r = 48.4；beta coefficient = 0.06）. In multivariate analysis，SFCT was not significantly associated with blood pressure，ocular perfusion pressure，intraocular pressure，cigarette smoking，alcohol consumption，serum concentrations of lipids and glucose，diabetes mellitus，and arterial hypertension. In the myopic refractive error range of more than -1 diopter（D），SFCT decreased by 15 μm（95% confidence interval ［CI］，11.9-18.5）for every increase in myopic refractive error of 1 D，or by 32 μm（95% CI，37.1-26.0）for every increase in axial length of 1 mm. For each year increase in age，the SFCT decreased by 4.1 μm（95% CI，4.6-3.7）（multivariate analysis）.

Conclusions: Subfoveal choroidal thickness with a mean of 254±107 μm in elderly subjects with a mean age of 65 years decreased with age（4 μm per year of age）and myopia（15 μm per diopter ［D］ of myopia）. It was also associated with male gender and the ocular biometric parameters of a deeper anterior chamber and thicker lens. The association between SFCT and BCVA indicates a functional aspect of SFCT. Keywords： optical coherence tomography； healthy-subjects； depth； reproducibility； glaucoma； angle

来源出版物： Ophthalmology，2013，120（1）: 175-180联系邮箱： Wei，WB； wenbing_wei@yahoo.com.cn

被引频次： 44

Clinical Classification of Age-related Macular Degeneration

Ferris，FL； Wilkinson，CP； Bird，A； et al.

Abstract： Objective: To develop a clinical classification system for age-related macular degeneration（AMD）.

Design: Evidence-based investigation，using a modified Delphi process.

Participants: Twenty-six AMD experts，1 neuro-ophthalmologist，2 committee chairmen，and 1 methodologist.

Methods: Each committee member completed an online assessment of statements summarizing current AMD classification criteria，indicating agreement or disagreement with each statement on a 9-step scale. The group met，reviewed the survey results，discussed the important components of a clinical classification system，and defined new data analyses needed to refine a classification system. After the meeting，additional data analyses from large studies were provided to the committee to provide risk estimates related to the presence of various AMD lesions.

Main Outcome Measures: Delphi review of the 9-item set of statements resulting from the meeting.

Results: Consensus was achieved in generating a basic clinical classification system based on fundus lesions assessed within 2 disc diameters of the fovea in persons older than 55 years. The committee agreed that a single term，age-related macular degeneration，should be used for the disease. Persons with no visible drusen or pigmentary abnormalities should be considered to have no signs of AMD. Persons with small drusen（＜63 μm），also termed drupelets，should be considered to have normal aging changes with no clinically relevant increased risk of late AMD developing. Persons with medium drusen（≥ 63-＜125 μm），but without pigmentary abnormalities thought to be related to AMD，should be considered to have early AMD. Persons with large drusen or with pigmentary abnormalities associated with at least medium drusen should be considered to have intermediate AMD. Persons with lesions associated with neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy should be considered to have late AMD. Five-year risks of progressing to late AMD are estimated to increase approximately 100 fold，ranging from a 0.5% 5-year risk for normal aging changes to a 50% risk for the highest intermediate AMD risk group.

Conclusions: The proposed basic clinical classification scale seems to be of value in predicting the risk of late AMD. Incorporating consistent nomenclature into the practice patterns of all eye care providers may improve communication and patient care.

Financial Disclosure（s）: The author（s）have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Keywords： rand-like methodology； glaucoma management； panel assessment； severity scale； maculopathy； progression； risk； ophthalmology； rotterdam； consensus

来源出版物： Ophthalmology，2013，120（4）: 844-851联系邮箱： Ferris，FL； RickFerris@nei.nih.gov

被引频次： 44

Surgical Outcomes and Safety of Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery A Prospective Study of 1500 Consecutive Cases

Roberts，TV； Lawless，M； Bali，SJ； et al.

Abstract： Objective: To report the surgical outcomes and safety of femtosecond（FS）laser cataract surgery（LCS）with greater surgeon experience，modified techniques，and improved technology.

Design: Prospective，interventional case series.

Participants: Fifteen hundred consecutive eyes undergoing FS laser cataract and refractive lens exchange surgery in a single group private practice.

Intervention: Femtosecond LCS.

Methods: All eyes undergoing LCS between April 2011 and March 2012 were included in the study. Cases underwent anterior capsulotomy，lens fragmentation，and corneal incisions with the Alcon/LenSx FS laser（Alcon/LenSx，Aliso Viejo，CA）. The procedure was completed by phacoemulsification and insertion of an intraocular lens. The cases were divided into 2 groups: Group 1，initial experience consisting of the first 200 cases； and group 2，the subsequent 1300 cases performed by the same surgeons.

Main Outcome Measures: Intraoperative complication rates and comparison between groups.

Results: Both groups were comparable for baseline demographic parameters. Anterior capsule tears occurred in 4% and 0.31% of eyes，posterior capsule tears in 3.5% and 0.31% of eyes，and posterior lens dislocation in 2% and 0% of eyes in groups 1 group 2，respectively（P＜0.001 for all comparisons）. Number of docking attempts per case（1.5 vs 1.05），incidence of post-laser pupillary constriction（9.5% vs 1.23%），and anterior capsular tags（10.5% vs 1.61%）were significantly lower in group 2（P＜0.001 for all comparisons）.

Conclusions: In the authors' experience，the surgical outcomes and safety of LCS improved significantly with greater surgeon experience，development of modified techniques，and improved technology.

Financial Disclosure（s）: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Keywords： posterior capsule rupture； intraoperative complications； vitreous loss； preoperative stratification； phacoemulsification； incisions；risk； experience； system； audit

来源出版物： Ophthalmology，2013，120（2）: 227-233联系邮箱： Sutton，G； gerard.sutton@vgaustralia.com

被引频次： 44

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in Intraocular Vascular Disease

Miller，JW； Le Couter，J； Strauss，EC； et al.

Abstract： The vascular beds supplying the retina may sustain injury as a result of underlying disease such as diabetes，and/or the interaction of genetic predisposition，environmental insults，and age. The vascular pathologic features observed in different intraocular vascular diseases can be categorized broadly as proliferation，exemplified by proliferative diabetic retinopathy，leakage such as macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion，or a combination of proliferation and leakage，as seen in neovascular age-related macular degeneration（AMD）. The World Health Organization has identified diabetic retinopathy and AMD as priority eye diseases for the prevention of vision loss in developed countries. The pathologic transformations of the retinal vasculature seen in intraocular vascular disease are associated with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A（VEGF），a potent endothelial-specific mitogen. Furthermore，in model systems，VEGF alone is sufficient to trigger intraocular neovascularization，and its inhibition is associated with functional and anatomic improvements in the affected eye. Therapeutic interventions with effect on VEGF include intraocular capture and neutralization by engineered antibodies or chimeric receptors，downregulation of its expression with steroids，or alleviation of retinal ischemia，a major stimulus for VEGF expression，with retinal ablation by laser treatment. Data from prospective randomized clinical trials indicate that VEGF inhibition is a potent therapeutic strategy for intraocular vascular disease. These findings are changing clinical practice and are stimuli for further study of the basic mechanisms controlling intraocular angiogenesis.

Keywords： retinal vein occlusion； diabetic-retinopathy； macular degeneration； choroidal neovascularization； vegf-a； ocular neovascularization； iris neovascularization； permeability factor； nonhuman primate； aqueous-humor

来源出版物： Ophthalmology，2013，120（1）: 106-114联系邮箱： Miller，JW； Joan_Miller@meei.harvard.edu

被引频次： 39

Baseline Predictors for One-Year Visual Outcomes with Ranibizumab or Bevacizumab for Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration

Ying，GS； Huang，JY； Maguire，MG； et al.

Abstract： Objective: To determine the baseline predictors of visual acuity（VA）outcomes 1 year after treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration（AMD）.

Design: Cohort study within the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials（CATT）.

Participants: A total of 1105 participants with neovascular AMD，baseline VA 20/25 to 20/320，and VA measured at 1 year.

Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab on a monthly or as-needed schedule. Masked readers evaluated fundus morphology and features on optical coherence tomography（OCT）. Visual acuity was measured using electronic VA testing. Independent predictors were identified using regression techniques.

Main Outcome Measures: The VA score，VA score change from baseline，and≥3-line gain at 1 year.

Results: At 1 year，the mean VA score was 68 letters，mean improvement from baseline was 7 letters，and 28% of participants gained≥3 lines. Older age，larger area of choroidal neovascularization（CNV），and elevation of retinal pigment epithelium（RPE）were associated with worse VA（all P ＜ 0.005），less gain in VA（all P＜0.02），and a lower proportion gaining≥3 lines（all P＜0.04）. Better baseline VA was associated with better VA at 1 year，less gain in VA，and a lower proportion gaining≥3 lines（all P ＜ 0.0001）. Predominantly or minimally clas-sic lesions were associated with worse VA than occult lesions（66 vs. 69 letters； P=0.0003）. Retinal angiomatous proliferans（RAP）lesions were associated with more gain in VA（10 vs. 7 letters； P=0.03）and a higher proportion gaining≥3 lines（odds ratio，1.9； 95% confidence interval，1.2-3.1）. Geographic atrophy（GA）was associated with worse VA（64 vs. 68 letters； P=0.02）. Eyes with total foveal thickness in the second quartile（325-425 μm）had the best VA（P=0.01）and were most likely to gain≥3 lines（P=0.004）. Predictors did not vary by treatment group.

Conclusions: For all treatment groups，older age，better baseline VA，larger CNV area，predominantly or minimally classic lesion，absence of RAP lesion，presence of GA，greater total fovea thickness，and RPE elevation on optical coherence tomography were independently associated with less improvement in VA at 1 year.

Keywords： subgroup analysis； hemorrhage

来源出版物： Ophthalmology，2013，120（1）: 122-129联系邮箱： Ying，GS； gsying@mail.med.upenn.edu

OPTICS 光学

被引频次： 249

Efficient inorganic-organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors

Heo，JH； Im，SH； Noh，JH； et al.

Abstract： Inorganic-organic hybrid structures have become innovative alternatives for next-generation dye-sensitized solar cells，because they combine the advantages of both systems. Here，we introduce a layered sandwich-type architecture，the core of which comprises a bicontinuous three-dimensional nanocomposite of mesoporous（mp）-TiO2，with CH3NH3Pbl3perovskite as light harvester，as well as a polymeric hole conductor. This platform creates new opportunities for the development of low-cost，solution-processed，high-efficiency solar cells. The use of a polymeric hole conductor，especially poly-triarylamine，substantially improves the open-circuit voltage V-oc and fill factor of the cells. Solar cells based on these inorganic-organic hybrids exhibit a short-circuit current density J（sc）of 16.5 mA cm-2，V-oc of 0.997 V and fill factor of 0.727，yielding a power conversion efficiency of 12.0% under standard AM 1.5 conditions.

Keywords： organometal halide perovskites； semiconductor quantum dots

来源出版物： Nature Photonics，2013，7（6）: 487-492联系邮箱： Gratzel，M； michael.graetzel@epfl.ch

被引频次： 110

Perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction structure prepared using room-temperature solution processing techniques

Liu，DY； Kelly，TL

Abstract： Organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells that combine a mesoporous scaffold，a perovskite light absorber and an organic hole transporter have emerged at the forefront of solution-processable photovoltaic devices； however，they require processing temperatures of up to 500 degrees C to sinter the mesoporous metal-oxide support. Here，we report the use of a thin film of ZnO nanoparticles as an electron-transport layer in CH3NH3Pbl3-based solar cells； in contrast to mesoporous TiO2，the ZnO layer is both substantially thinner and requires no sintering. We took advantage of these facts to prepare flexible solar cells with power-conversion efficiencies in excess of 10%. The use of ZnO also results in improvements to device performance for cells prepared on rigid substrates. Solar cells based on this design exhibit power-conversion efficiencies as high as 15.7% when measured under AM1.5G illumination，which makes them some of the highest-performing perovskite solar cells reported to date.

Keywords： organometal halide perovskites； open-circuit voltage； efficiency； zno； transport； recombination； ch3nh3pbi3； sensitizer； deposition； lengths

来源出版物： Nature Photonics，2014，8（2）: 133-138联系邮箱： Kelly，TL； tim.kelly@usask.ca

被引频次： 107

Damping pathways of mid-infrared plasmons in graphene nanostructures

Yan，HG； Low，T； Zhu，WJ； et al.

Abstract： Plasmon is the quantum of the collective oscillation of electrons. How plasmon loses its energy（or damping）plays a pivotal role in plasmonic science and technology. Graphene plasmon is of particular interest，partly because of its potentially low damping rate. However，to date，damping pathways have not been clearly unravelled experimentally. Here，we demonstrate mid-infrared（4-15 µm）plasmons in graphene nanostructures with dimensions as small as 50 nm（with a mode area of similar to 1×10-3）µm2）. We also reveal damping channels via graphene intrinsic optical phonons and scattering from the edges. Plasmon lifetimes of 20 fs or less are observed when damping via the emission of graphene optical phonons is allowed. Furthermore，surface polar phonons in the SiO2substrate under graphene nanostructures lead to a significantly modified plasmon dispersion and damping，in contrast to the case of a nonpolar diamond-like-carbon substrate. Our study paves the way for applications of graphene in plasmonic waveguides，modulators and detectors from sub-terahertz tomid-infrared regimes.

Keywords： scattering； carbon； scale； films； size

来源出版物： Nature Photonics，2013，7（5）: 394-399联系邮箱： Yan，HG； hyan@us.ibm.com

被引频次： 101

Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies

Shirasaki，Y； Supran，GJ； Bawendi，MG； et al.

Abstract： Since their inception 18 years ago，electrically driven colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting devices（QD-LEDs）have increased in external quantum efficiency from less than 0.01% to around 18%. The high luminescence efficiency and uniquely size-tunable colour of solution-processable semiconducting colloidal QDs highlight the potential of QD-LEDs for use in energy-efficient，high-colour-quality thin-film display and solid-state lighting applications. Indeed，last year saw the first demonstrations of electrically driven full-colour QD-LED displays，which foreshadow QD technologies that will transcend the optically excited QD-enhanced lighting products already available today. We here discuss the key advantages of using QDs as luminophores in LEDs and outline the operating mechanisms of four types of QD-LED. State-of-the-art visible-wavelength LEDs and the promise of near-infrared and heavy-metal-free devices are also highlighted. As QD-LED efficiencies approach those of molecular organic LEDs，we identify the key scientific and technological challenges facing QD-LED commercialization and offer our outlook for on-going strategies to overcome these challenges.

Keywords： cadmium selenide nanocrystals； near-infrared polymer； cdse nanocrystals； energy-transfer； semiconductor nanocrystals； highly efficient； electroluminescent devices； monodisperse nanocrystals； silicon nanocrystals； injection layers

来源出版物： Nature Photonics，2013，7（1）: 13-23联系邮箱： Bulovic，V； bulovic@mit.edu

被引频次： 99

Single-nanowire solar cells beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit

Krogstrup，P； Jorgensen，HI； Heiss，M； et al.

Abstract： Light management is of great importance in photovoltaic cells，as it determines the fraction of incident light entering the device. An optimal p-n junction combined with optimal light absorption can lead to a solar cell efficiency above the Shockley-Queisser limit. Here，we show how this is possible by studying photocurrent generation for a single core-shell p-i-n junction GaAs nanowire solar cell grown on a silicon substrate. At 1 sun illumination，a short-circuit current of 180 mA cm-2is obtained，which is more than one order of magnitude higher than that predicted from the Lambert-Beer law. The enhanced light absorption is shown to be due to a light-concentrating property of the standing nanowire，as shown by photocurrent maps of the device. The results imply new limits for the maximum efficiency obtainable with III-V based nanowire solar cells under 1 sun illumination.

Keywords： photovoltaic applications； optical cavities； silicon nanowire； gaas nanowires； light； efficiency； absorption； design； enhancement；principles

来源出版物： Nature Photonics，2013，7（4）: 306-310联系邮箱： Krogstrup，P； krogstrup@fys.ku.dk

ORNITHOLOGY 鸟类学

被引频次： 13

A Synthesis of Human-related Avian Mortality in Canada

Calvert，AM； Bishop，CA； Elliot，RD； et al.

Abstract： Many human activities in Canada kill wild birds，yet the relative magnitude of mortality from different sources and the consequent effects on bird populations have not been systematically evaluated. We synthesize recent estimates of avian mortality in Canada from a range of industrial and other human activities，to provide context for the estimates from individual sources presented in this special feature. We assessed the geographic，seasonal，and taxonomic variation in the magnitude of national-scale mortality and in population-level effects on species or groups across Canada，by combining these estimates into a stochastic model of stage-specific mortality. The range of estimates of avian mortality from each source covers several orders of magnitude，and，numerically，landbirds were the most affected group. In total，we estimate that approximately 269 million birds and 2 million nests are destroyed annually in Canada，the equivalent of over 186 million breeding individuals. Combined，cat predation and collisions with windows，vehicles，and transmission lines caused ＞ 95% of all mortality； the highest industrial causes of mortality were the electrical power and agriculture sectors. Other mortality sources such as fisheries bycatch can have important local or species-specific impacts，but are relatively small at a national scale. Mortality rates differed across species and families within major bird groups，highlighting that mortality is not simply proportional to abundance. We also found that mortality is not evenly spread across the country； the largest mortality sources are coincident with human population distribution，while industrial sources are concentrated in southern Ontario，Alberta，and southwestern British Columbia. Many species are therefore likely to be vulnerable to cumulative effects of multiple human-related impacts. This assessment also confirms the high uncertainty in estimating human-related avian mortality in terms of species involved，potential for population-level effects，and the cumulative effects ofmortality across the landscape. Effort is still required to improve these estimates，and to guide conservation efforts to minimize direct mortality caused by human activities on Canada's wild bird populations. As avian mortality represents only a portion of the overall impact to avifauna，indirect effects such as habitat fragmentation and alteration，site avoidance，disturbance，and related issues must also be carefully considered.

Keywords： shellfish aquaculture； communication towers； bird populations； united-states； habitat use； management； collisions； impact； sea

来源出版物： Avian Conservation and Ecology，2013，8（2）: 11

被引频次： 9

Seasonal phenotypic flexibility of flight muscle size in small birds： a comparison of ultrasonography and tissue mass measurements

Swanson，DL； Merkord，C

Abstract： Changes in flight muscle size are important mediators of phenotypic flexibility in birds，so the ability to track such changes over time in individual birds is a valuable tool for investigating phenotypic flexibility. Ultrasonography has been used to track changes in flight muscle size in shorebirds，but has not been previously used to track such changes in small birds，despite variation in flight muscle size being an important contributor to phenotypic flexibility in these birds. One prominent avian example of phenotypic flexibility is the seasonal phenotypes of small birds in response to climatic variation. The winter phenotype in these birds is characterized by increases in organismal metabolic rates and pectoralis muscle mass. We measured seasonal flight muscle size in House Sparrows（Passer domesticus，25-30 g）using both ultrasonography and wet muscle mass and tested the correlation between ultrasonographic measures of breast muscle thickness and muscle mass. We further tested whether ultrasonographic measures of muscle thickness were sufficiently precise to detect seasonal variation in flight muscle mass. Muscle mass was significantly and positively associated with ultrasonographic measurements of breast muscle thickness for short-axis（SA），long-axis（LA），and combined SA and LA measurements. Breast muscle mass was significantly greater in winter than in summer（17.5 %）and muscle thickness also increased significantly in winter for both SA（9.1 %）and LA（7.5 %）measures. Thus，these data confirm that winter elevations of flight muscle mass consistently contribute to the winter phenotype in House Sparrows and that ultrasonography is effective in detecting seasonal changes in muscle mass in small birds.

Keywords： tit parus-major； body-mass； thermogenic capacity； hirundo-rustica； passerine birds； cold stress； clutch size； great tits； organ size；acclimatization

来源出版物： Journal of Ornithology，2013，154（1）: 119-127联系邮箱： Swanson，DL； david.swanson@usd.edu

被引频次： 8

Advances in tracking small migratory birds： a technical review of light-level geolocation

Bridge，ES； Kelly，JF； Contina，A； et al.

Abstract： Light-level geolocation data loggers，or geologgers，have recently been miniaturized to the extent that they can be deployed on small songbirds，allowing us to determine many previously unknown migration routes，breeding locations，and wintering sites. Use of geologgers on small birds has great potential to help address major research and conservation questions，but the method is not without its shortcomings. Among these shortcomings are the need to recapture birds after they have carried a device throughout a migration cycle and the potential for the devices to affect survival and behavior. We examined return rates of birds with geologgers in published and unpublished studies and found no evidence of a general negative effect of geologgers on survival，although there were a few individual studies where such an effect was evident. From these same studies，we found that most currently used harness materials are equivalent in terms of failure rates，and the most reliable geologgers are those made by the British Antarctic Survey（although these were also the largest geologgers used in the studies we examined）. With regard to analysis methods，we believe there is much room for improvement. Use of online archiving of both data and analysis parameters would greatly improve the repeatability and transparency of geologger research.

Keywords： lanius-collurio； annual cycle； connectivity； songbird； technology； movement； migrants； ecology； routes； sites

来源出版物： Journal of Field Ornithology，2013，84（2）: 121-137联系邮箱： Bridge，ES； ebridge@ou.edu

被引频次： 8

Host selection in parasitic birds： are open-cup nesting insectivorous passerines always suitable cuckoo hosts？

Yang，CC； Stokke，BG； Antonov，A； et al.

Abstract： How do potential hosts escape detrimental interactions with brood parasites？ Current consensus is that hole-nesting and granivorous birds avoid brood parasites，like common cuckoos Cuculus canorus，by their inaccessible nest-sites and food unsuitable for parasites，respectively. Any open-nesting insectivorous hosts are believed to remain open to brood parasite exploitation which leads to the evolution of costly host defences like egg or chick discrimination. In contrast to this coevolutionary scenario，we show for the first time that a previously not studied but seemingly suitable host species escapes brood parasites. The Asian verditer flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus，feed newly hatched chicks entirely with beetles and grasshoppers. These are poor quality and hard to digest diet items that are rarely fed to ownor cuckoo chicks by regular hosts. Indeed，chick cross-fostering experiments showed that these food items remained undigested by either cuckoos or other sympatric passerines causing them to die quickly. Egg discrimination experiments showed that the flycatcher accepts any foreign eggs. Although most but not all other potential explanations can be safely excluded at present，the most parsimonious historical explanation for these patterns is that the flycatcher exploits a trophic niche that no other sympatric bird can exploit，and that any cuckoo lineages that switch from their original hosts to the flycatcher have no possibilities for establishing viable populations. Thus，the current classification of host suitability based on diet composition may need revision，raising an important cautionary tale for comparative studies and the interpretation of apparent host rejection of parasitic chicks.

Keywords： cuculus-canorus； cowbird parasitism； behavior； chicks； rejection； nestlings； discrimination； virulence； eviction； eggs

来源出版物： Journal of Avian Biology，2013，44（3）: 216-220联系邮箱： Yang，CC； liangwei@hainnu.edu.cn

被引频次： 8

Impacts of logging and conversion of rainforest to oil palm on the functional diversity of birds in Sundaland

Edwards，FA； Edwards，DP； Hamer，KC； et al.

Abstract： Commercial selective logging and the conversion of primary and degraded forests to agriculture are the biggest threats to tropical biodiversity. Our understanding of the impacts of these disturbances and the resulting local extinctions on the functional roles performed by the remaining species is limited. We address this issue by examining functional diversity（FD），which quantifies a range of traits that affect a species' ecological role in a community as a single continuous metric. We calculated FD for birds across a gradient of disturbance from primary forest through intensively logged forest to oil palm plantations on previously forested land in Borneo，Southeast Asia，a hotspot of imperilled biodiversity. Logged rainforest retained similar levels of FD to unlogged rainforest，even after two logging rotations，but the conversion of logged forest to oil palm resulted in dramatic reductions in FD. The few remaining species in oil palm filled a disproportionately wide range of functional roles but showed very little clustering in terms of functional traits，suggesting that any further extinctions from oil palm would reduce FD even further. Determining the extent to which the changes we recorded were due to under-utilization of resources within oil palm or a reduction in the resources present is an important next step. Nonetheless our study improves our understanding of the stability and resilience of functional diversity in these ecosystems and of the implications of land-use changes for ecosystem functioning.

Keywords： land-use intensification； tropical forest； species richness； southeast-asia； habitat modification； response diversity； ecosystem function； conservation value； spatial scale； biodiversity

来源出版物： Ibis，2013，155（2）: 313-326联系邮箱： Edwards，DP； dave.edwards@jcu.edu.au

ORTHOPEDICS 骨科

被引频次： 37

Treatment With Platelet-Rich Plasma Is More Effective Than Placebo for Knee Osteoarthritis A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial

Patel，S； Dhillon，MS； Aggarwal，S； et al.

Abstract： Background: Specific growth factors have been proposed as therapeutic proteins for cartilage repair.

Hypothesis: Platelet-rich plasma（PRP）provides symptomatic relief in early osteoarthritis（OA）of the knee.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial； Level of evidence，1.

Methods: A total of 78 patients（156 knees）with bilateral OA were divided randomly into 3 groups. Group A（52 knees）received a single injection of PRP，group B（50 knees）received 2 injections of PRP 3 weeks apart，and group C（46 knees）received a single injection of normal saline. White blood cell（WBC）-filtered PRP with a platelet count 3 times that of baseline（PRP type 4B）was administered in all. All the groups were homogeneous and comparable in baseline characteristics. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index（WOMAC）questionnaire before treatment and at 6 weeks，3 months，and 6 months after treatment. They were also evaluated for pain by a visual analog scale，and overall satisfaction with the procedure and complications were noted. Results: Statistically significant improvement in all WOMAC parameters was noted in groups A and B within 2 to 3 weeks and lasting until the final follow-up at 6 months，with slight worsening at the 6-month follow-up. The mean WOMAC scores（pain，stiffness，physical function，and total score）for group A at baseline were 10.18，3.12，36.56，and 49.86，respectively，and at final follow-up were 5.00，2.10，20.08，and 27.18，respectively，showing significant improvement. Similar improvement was noted in group B（mean WOMAC scores at baseline: 10.62，3.50，39.10，and 53.20，respectively； mean WOMAC scores at final follow-up: 6.18，1.88，22.40，and 30.48，respectively）. In group C，the mean WOMAC scores deteriorated from baseline（9.04，2.70，33.80，and 45.54，respectively）to final follow-up（10.87，2.76，39.46，and 53.09，respectively）. The 3 groups were compared with each other，and no improvement was noted in group C as compared with groups A and B（P＜0.001）. There was no difference between groups A and B，and there was no influence of age，sex，weight，or body mass index on the outcome. Knees with Ahlback grade 1 fared better than those with grade 2. Mild complications such as nausea and dizziness，which were of short duration，were observed in 6 patients（22.2%）in group A and 11 patients（44%）in group B.

Conclusion: A single dose of WBC-filtered PRP in concentrations of 10 times the normal amount is as effective as 2 injections to alleviate symptoms in early knee OA. The results，however，deteriorate after 6 months. Both groups treated with PRP had better results than did the group injected with saline only.

Keywords： intraarticular injection； hyaluronic-acid； growth-factors； therapies； pathology

来源出版物： American Journal of Sports Medicine，2013，41（2）: 356-364联系邮箱： Dhillon，MS； drdhillon@gmail.com

被引频次： 37

Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease（osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis！）

Berenbaum，F

Abstract： Osteoarthritis（OA）has long been considered a "wear and tear" disease leading to loss of cartilage. OA used to be considered the sole consequence of any process leading to increased pressure on one particular joint or fragility of cartilage matrix. Progress in molecular biology in the 1990s has profoundly modified this paradigm. The discovery that many soluble mediators such as cytokines or prostaglandins can increase the production of matrix metalloproteinases by chondrocytes led to the first steps of an "inflammatory" theory. However，it took a decade before synovitis was accepted as a critical feature of OA，and some studies are now opening the way to consider the condition a driver of the OA process. Recent experimental data have shown that subchondral bone may have a substantial role in the OA process，as a mechanical damper，as well as a source of inflammatory mediators implicated in the OA pain process and in the degradation of the deep layer of cartilage. Thus，initially considered cartilage driven，OA is a much more complex disease with inflammatory mediators released by cartilage，bone and synovium. Low-grade inflammation induced by the metabolic syndrome，innate immunity and inflammaging are some of the more recent arguments in favor of the inflammatory theory of OA and highlighted in this review.

Keywords： pattern-recognition receptors； toll-like receptors； c-reactive protein； knee osteoarthritis； articular chondrocytes； synovial-fluid；systemic inflammation； rheumatoid-arthritis； hand osteoarthritis； metabolic syndrome

来源出版物： Osteoarthritis and Cartilage，2013，21（1）: 16-21联系邮箱： Berenbaum，F； francis.berenbaum@sat.aphp.fr

被引频次： 30

Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema（Modic type 1 changes）：a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy

Albert，HB； Sorensen，JS； Christensen，BS； et al.

Abstract： Modic type 1 changes/bone edema in the vertebrae are present in 6 % of the general population and 35-40 % of the low back pain population. It is strongly associated with low back pain. The aim was to test the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain（＞ 6 months）and Modic type 1 changes（bone edema）.

The study was a double-blind RCT with 162 patients whose only known illness was chronic LBP of greater than 6 months duration occurring after a previous disc herniation and who also had bone edema demonstrated as Modic type 1 changes in the vertebrae adjacent to the previous herniation. Patients were randomized to either 100 days of antibiotic treatment（Bioclavid）or placebo and were blindly evaluated at baseline，end of treatment and at 1-year follow-up.

Primary outcome，disease-specific disability，lumbar pain. Secondary outcome leg pain，number of hours with pain last 4 weeks，global perceived health，EQ-5D thermometer，days with sick leave，bothersomeness，constant pain，magnetic resonance image（MRI）.

144 of the 162 original patients were evaluated at 1-year follow-up. The two groups were similar at baseline. The antibiotic group improved highly statistically significantly on all outcome measures and improvement continued from 100 days follow-up until 1-year follow-up. At baseline，100 days follow-up，1-year follow-up the disease-specific disability-RMDQ changed: antibiotic 15，11，5.7； placebo 15，14，14. Leg pain: antibiotics 5.3，3.0，1.4； placebo 4.0，4.3，4.3. Lumbar pain: antibiotics 6.7，5.0，3.7； placebo 6.3，6.3，6.3. For the outcome measures，where a clinically important effect size was defined，improvements exceeded the thresholds，and a trend towards a dose-response relationship with double dose antibiotics being more efficacious.

The antibiotic protocol in this study was significantly more effective for this group of patients（CLBP associated with Modic I）than placebo in all the primary and secondary outcomes.

Keywords： degenerative disk disease； lumbar spine； propionibacterium-acnes； herniation； classification； osteomyelitis； association； validation； consensus； marrow

来源出版物： European Spine Journal，2013，22（4）: 697-707联系邮箱： Albert，HB； hanne.birgit.albert@slb.regionsyddanmark.dk

被引频次： 30

Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis With Platelet-Rich Plasma, Glucocorticoid, or Saline A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Krogh，TP； Fredberg，U； Stengaard-Pedersen，K； et al.

Abstract： Background: Lateral epicondylitis（LE）is a common musculoskeletal disorder for which an effective treatment strategy remainsunknown.

Purpose: To examine whether a single injection of platelet-rich plasma（PRP）is more effective than placebo（saline）or glucocorticoid in reducing pain in adults with LE after 3 months.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial； Level of evidence，1.

Methods: A total of 60 patients with chronic LE were randomized（1: 1: 1）to receive either a blinded injection of PRP，saline，or glucocorticoid. The primary end point was a change in pain using the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation（PRTEE）questionnaire at 3 months. Secondary outcomes were ultrasonographic changes in tendon thickness and color Doppler activity.

Results: Pain reduction at 3 months（primary end point）was observed in all 3 groups，with no statistically significant difference between the groups； mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus saline: -3.8（95% CI，-9.9 to 2.4）； PRP versus saline: -2.7（95% CI，-8.8 to 3.5）； and glucocorticoid versus PRP: -1.1（95% CI，-7.2 to 5.0）. At 1 month，however，glucocorticoid reduced pain more effectively than did both saline and PRP； mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus saline: -8.1（95% CI，-14.3 to -1.9）； and glucocorticoid versus PRP: -9.3（95% CI，-15.4 to -3.2）. Among the secondary outcomes，at 3 months，glucocorticoid was more effective than PRP and saline in reducing color Doppler activity and tendon thickness. For color Doppler activity，mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus PRP: -2.6（95% CI，-3.1 to -2.2）； and glucocorticoid versus saline: -2.0（95% CI，-2.5 to -1.6）. For tendon thickness，mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus PRP: -0.5（95% CI，-0.8 to -0.2）； and glucocorticoid versus saline: -0.8（95% CI，-1.2 to -0.5）.

Conclusion: Neither injection of PRP nor glucocorticoid was superior to saline with regard to pain reduction in LE at the primary end point at 3 months. However，injection of glucocorticoid had a short-term pain-reducing effect at 1 month in contrast to the other therapies. Injection of glucocorticoid in LE reduces both color Doppler activity and tendon thickness compared with PRP and saline.

Keywords： power doppler ultrasound； upper-limb disorders； chronic tennis elbow； corticosteroid injection； medial epicondylitis；sports-medicine； clinical-trial； tendon repair； base-line； follow-up

来源出版物： American Journal of Sports Medicine，2013，41（3）: 625-635联系邮箱： Ellingsen，T； torkell@dadlnet.dk

被引频次： 29

Growth of Spinal Interventional Pain Management Techniques Analysis of Utilization Trends and Medicare Expenditures 2000 to 2008

Manchikanti，L； Pampati，V； Falco，FJE； et al.

Abstract： Study Design. Analysis of the growth，utilization trends，and Medicare expenditures of spinal interventional pain management techniques from 2000 through 2008.

Objective. To evaluate the use of epidural steroid injections，facet joint interventions，and sacroiliac joint interventions，and to analyze the trends of Medicare utilization and expenditures in multiple settings-namely，hospital outpatient departments，ambulatory surgery centers，and physician offices.

Summary of Background Data. There has been an explosive growth of many invasive and noninvasive modalities designed to manage chronic spinal pain. Commonly used interventional techniques include epidural steroid injections，facet joint interventions，and sacroiliac joint interventions. However，their effectiveness and the appropriateness of their application continue to be debated.

Methods. The present article provides an analysis of the growth of spinal interventional techniques，as described earlier，for managing the chronic spinal pain of Medicare beneficiaries from 2000 through 2008. The standard 5% national sample of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services carrier claims that record data from 2000 through 2008 were utilized. Current procedural terminology codes from 2000 through 2008 were used to identify the number of procedures performed each year，as well as trends and expenditures.

Results. Medicare recipients receiving spinal interventional techniques increased 107.8% from 2000 through 2008，with an annual average increase of 9.6%，whereas spinal interventional techniques increased 186.8%，an annual average increase of 14.1% per 100000 beneficiaries. Conclusion. The study suggests explosive increases in spinal interventional techniques from 2000 to 2008，with some slowing of growth in later years.

Keywords： low-back-pain； caudal epidural injections； active-controlled-trial； double-blind trial； clinical-practice guidelines； randomized double-blind； lumbar disc herniation； chronic noncancer pain； chronic thoracic pain； medial branch blocks

来源出版物： Spine，2013，38（2）: 157-168联系邮箱： Manchikanti，L； drlm@thepainmd.com

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 耳鼻咽喉

被引频次： 46

Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck cancersystematic review and meta-analysis of trends by time and region

Mehanna，H； Beech，T； Nicholson，T； et al.

Abstract： Background Little information has been reported on regional and time trends of human papillomavirus（HPV）prevalence ratesof oropharyngeal cancer（OPC）and non-OPC. Methods The study consisted of a systematic review and meta-analysis using random effects logistic regression models. Results Overall HPV prevalence in OPC（47.7%； 95% confidence interval ［CI］，42.952.5%）increased significantly over time: from 40.5%（95% CI，35.146.1）before 2000，to 64.3%（95% CI，56.771.3）between 2000 and 2004，and 72.2%（95% CI，52.985.7）between 2005 and 2009（p ＜0.001）. Prevalence increased significantly in North America and Europe，and the significant gap between them that existed before 2000（50.7% vs 35.3%，respectively，p=0.008）has now disappeared（69.7% vs 73.1%，respectively，p =0.8）. Prevalence in non-OPC（21.8%； 95% CI，18.925.1%）has not increased over time（p =0.97）Conclusions The sharp increase in the proportion of HPV-positive OPC over the last decade has occurred at a faster rate in Europe compared with that in North America. In contrast，the relatively low prevalence of HPV in non-OPC remains unchanged.

Keywords： cancer； HPV； carcinoma

来源出版物： Head and Neck-journal For The Sciences and Specialties of The Head and Neck，2013，35（5）: 747-755联系邮箱：Mehanna，H； Hisham.Mehanna@uhcw.nhs.uk

被引频次： 29

Comparison of Plaintiff and Defendant Expert Witness Qualification in Malpractice Litigation in Otolaryngology

Eloy，JA； Svider，PF； Patel，D； et al.

Abstract： Objective. Malpractice litigation contributes to rising health care costs in the United States. The role of expert witness testimony has been controversial in the past，with medical professional societies issuing statements regarding ethical obligations of physicians. Our objectives were to examine the relative qualifications of expert witnesses testifying on behalf of plaintiffs vs defendants.

Study Design and Setting. Analysis of expert witness and physician demographic data available on several databases.

Methods. The Westlaw legal database（Thomson Reuters，New York，New York）was searched for otolaryngologist expert witness testimony. Length of experience，practice setting，and subspecialty training information were obtained from hospital，practice，departmental，and state licensing board sites. Scholarly impact was assessed using calculation of the h-index from the Scopus database.

Results. Plaintiff expert witnesses had significantly less experience than those testifying for defendants（31.8 vs 35.4 years，P =0.047）and lower scholarly impact（h=6.3 vs 10，P=0.045）. A significantly higher proportion of defendant witnesses were in academic practice（49.3% vs 31.7%，P=0.042）. No differences were detected in postresidency fellowship training patterns.

Conclusion. Upon comparison of otolaryngologist expert witnesses，practitioners testifying on behalf of plaintiffs had statistically fewer years of experience，had a lower scholarly impact，and were less likely to work in an academic setting. Otolaryngologists who repeatedly served as expert witnesses were more likely to be testifying on behalf of plaintiffs than defendants. Professional societies may need to frequently update guidelines on expert witness testimony and address the ethical obligations of practitioners.

Keywords： medical malpractice； academic otolaryngology； research productivity； fellowship； surgery； physicians； ethics； reform； impact；index

来源出版物： Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery，2013，148（5）: 764-769联系邮箱： Eloy，JA； jean.anderson.eloy@gmail.com

被引频次： 29

The Use of the h-index in Academic Otolaryngology

Svider，PF； Choudhry，ZA； Choudhry，OJ； et al.

Abstract： Objective/Hypothesis: The h-index is an objective and easily calculable measure that can be used to evaluate both the relevance and amount of scientific contributions of an individual author. Our objective was to examine how the h-index of academic otolaryngologists relates with academic rank. Study Design: A descriptive and correlational design was used for analysis of academic otolaryngologists' h-indices using the Scopus database. Methods: H-indices of faculty members from 50 otolaryngology residency programs were calculated using the Scopus database，and data was organized by academic rank. Additionally，an analysis of the h-indices of departmental chairpersons among different specialties was performed. Results: H-index values of academic otolaryngologists were higher with increased academic rank among the levels of assistant professor，associate professor，and professor. There was no significant difference between the h-indices of professors and department chairpersons within otolaryngology. H-indices of chairpersons in different academic specialties were compared and were significantly different，suggesting that the use of this metric may not be appropriate for comparing different fields. Conclusions: The h-index is a reliable tool for quantifying academic productivity within otolaryngology. This measure is easily calculable and may be useful when evaluating decisions regarding advancement within academic otolaryngology departments. Comparison of this metric among faculty members from different fields，however，may not be reliable.

Keywords： research output； anesthesiologists； guidelines； ranking； numbers

来源出版物： Laryngoscope，2013，123（1）: 103-106联系邮箱： Eloy，JA； Jean.Anderson.Eloy@gmail.com

被引频次： 25

Clinical Practice Guideline： Tympanostomy Tubes in Children

Rosenfeld，RM； Schwartz，SR； Pynnonen，MA； et al.

Abstract： Objective Insertion of tympanostomy tubes is the most common ambulatory surgery performed on children in the United States. Tympanostomy tubes are most often inserted because of persistent middle ear fluid，frequent ear infections，or ear infections that persist after antibiotic therapy. Despite the frequency of tympanostomy tube insertion，there are currently no clinical practice guidelines in the United States that address specific indications for surgery. This guideline is intended for any clinician involved in managing children，aged 6 months to 12 years，with tympanostomy tubes or being considered for tympanostomy tubes in any care setting，as an intervention for otitis media of any type.

Purpose The primary purpose of this clinical practice guideline is to provide clinicians with evidence-based recommendations on patient selection and surgical indications for and management of tympanostomy tubes in children. The development group broadly discussed indications for tube placement，perioperative management，care of children with indwelling tubes，and outcomes of tympanostomy tube surgery. Given the lack of current published guidance on surgical indications，the group focused on situations in which tube insertion would be optional，recommended，or not recommended. Additional emphasis was placed on opportunities for quality improvement，particularly regarding shared decision making and care of children with existing tubes.

Action Statements The development group made a strong recommendation that clinicians should prescribe topical antibiotic eardrops only，without oral antibiotics，for children with uncomplicated acute tympanostomy tube otorrhea. The panel made recommendations that（1）clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with a single episode of otitis media with effusion（OME）of less than 3 months' duration；（2）clinicians should obtain an age-appropriate hearing test if OME persists for 3 months or longer（chronic OME）or prior to surgery when a child becomes a candidate for tympanostomy tube insertion；（3）clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion to children with bilateral OME for 3 months or longer（chronic OME）and documented hearing difficulties；（4）clinicians should reevaluate，at 3- to 6-month intervals，children with chronic OME who did not receive tympanostomy tubes until the effusion is no longer present，significant hearing loss is detected，or structural abnormalities of the tympanic membrane or middle ear are suspected；（5）clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with recurrent acute otitis media（AOM）who do not have middle ear effusion in either ear at the time of assessment for tube candidacy；（6）clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion to children with recurrent AOM who have unilateral or bilateral middle ear effusion at the time of assessment for tube candidacy；（7）clinicians should determine if a child with recurrent AOM or with OME of any duration is at increased risk for speech，language，or learning problems from otitis media because of baseline sensory，physical，cognitive，or behavioral factors；（8）in the perioperative period，clinicians should educate caregivers of children with tympanostomy tubes regarding the expected duration of tube function，recommended follow-up schedule，and detection of complications；（9）clinicians should not encourage routine，prophylactic water precautions（use of earplugs，headbands； avoidance of swimming or water sports）for children with tympanostomy tubes. The development group provided the following options:（1）clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with unilateral or bilateral OME for 3 months or longer（chronic OME）and symptoms that are likely attributable to OME including，but not limited to，vestibular problems，poor school performance，behavioral problems，ear discomfort，or reduced quality of life and（2）clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in at-risk children with unilateral or bilateral OME that is unlikely to resolve quickly as reflected by a type B（flat）tympanogram or persistence of effusion for 3 months or longer（chronic OME）.

Keywords： acute otitis-media； quality-of-life； middle-ear effusion； randomized controlled-trial； sensorineural hearing-loss； preschool-aged children； ventilation tubes； down-syndrome； cleft-palate； water precautions

来源出版物： Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery，2013，149: S1-S35联系邮箱： Rosenfeld，RM； richrosenfeld@msn.com

被引频次： 25

Clinical Practice Guideline： Improving Voice Outcomes after Thyroid Surgery

Chandrasekhar，SS； Randolph，GW； Seidman，MD； et al.

Abstract： Objective Thyroidectomy may be performed for clinical indications that include malignancy，benign nodules or cysts，suspicious findings on fine needle aspiration biopsy，dysphagia from cervical esophageal compression，or dyspnea from airway compression. About 1 in 10 patients experience temporary laryngeal nerve injury after surgery，with longer lasting voice problems in up to 1 in 25. Reduced quality of life after thyroid surgery is multifactorial and may include the need for lifelong medication，thyroid suppression，radioactive scanning/treatment，temporary and permanent hypoparathyroidism，temporary or permanent dysphonia postoperatively，and dysphagia. This clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for management of the patient's voice when undergoing thyroid surgery during the preoperative，intraoperative，and postoperative period.

Purpose The purpose of this guideline is to optimize voice outcomes for adult patients aged 18 years or older after thyroid surgery. The target audience is any clinician involved in managing such patients，which includes but may not be limited to otolaryngologists，general surgeons，endocrinologists，internists，speech-language pathologists，family physicians and other primary care providers，anesthesiologists，nurses，and others who manage patients with thyroid/voice issues. The guideline applies to any setting in which clinicians may interact with patients before，during，or after thyroid surgery. Children under age 18 years are specifically excluded from the target population； however，the panel understands that many of the findings may be applicable to this population. Also excluded are patients undergoing concurrent laryngectomy. Although this guideline is limited to thyroidectomy，some of the recommendations may extrapolate to parathyroidectomy as well. Results The guideline development group made a strong recommendation that the surgeon should identify the recurrent laryngeal nerve（s）during thyroid surgery. The group made recommendations that the clinician or surgeon should（1）document assessment of the patient's voice once a decision has been made to proceed with thyroid surgery；（2）examine vocal fold mobility，or refer the patient to a clinician who can examine vocal fold mobility，if the patient's voice is impaired and a decision has been made to proceed with thyroid surgery；（3）examine vocal fold mobility，or refer the patient to a clinician who can examine vocal fold mobility，once a decision has been made to proceed with thyroid surgery if the patient's voice is normal and the patient has（a）thyroid cancer with suspected extrathyroidal extension，or（b）prior neck surgery that increases the risk of laryngeal nerve injury（carotid endarterectomy，anterior approach to the cervical spine，cervical esophagectomy，and prior thyroid or parathyroid surgery），or（c）both；（4）educate the patient about the potential impact of thyroid surgery on voice once a decision has been made to proceed with thyroid surgery；（5）inform the anesthesiologist of the results of abnormal preoperative laryngeal assessment in patients who have had laryngoscopy prior to thyroid surgery；（6）take steps to preserve the external branch of the surperior laryngeal nerve（s）when performing thyroid surgery；（7）document whether there has been a change in voice between 2 weeks and 2 months following thyroid surgery；（8）examine vocal fold mobility or refer the patient for examination of vocal fold mobility in patients with a change in voice following thyroid surgery；（9）refer a patient to an otolaryngologist when abnormal vocal fold mobility is identified after thyroid surgery；（10）counsel patients with voice change or abnormal vocal fold mobility after thyroid surgery on options for voice rehabilitation. The group made an option that the surgeon or his or her designee may monitor laryngeal electromyography during thyroid surgery. The group made no recommendation regarding the impact of a single intraoperative dose of intravenous corticosteroid on voice outcomes in patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

Keywords： recurrent laryngeal nerve； vocal fold paralysis； quality-of-life； auditory-perceptual evaluation； randomized controlled-trial；cervical-spine surgery； skull base surgery； cord paralysis； external branch； parathyroid surgery

来源出版物： Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery，2013，148: S1-S37

联系邮箱： Chandrasekhar，SS； newyorkotology@gmail.com

PALEONTOLOGY 古生物学

被引频次： 27

Atlas of modern dinoflagellate cyst distribution based on 2405 data points

Zonneveld，KAF； Marret，F； Versteegh，GJM； et al.

Abstract： Dinoflagellate cysts are useful for reconstructing upper water conditions. For adequate reconstructions detailed information is required about the relationship between modern day environmental conditions and the geographic distribution of cysts in sediments. This Atlas summarises the modem global distribution of 71 organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst species. The synthesis is based on the integration of literature sources together with data of 2405 globally distributed surface sediment samples that have been prepared with a comparable methodology and taxonomy. The distribution patterns of individual cyst species are being compared with environmental factors that are known to influence dinoflagellate growth，gamete production，encystment，excystment and preservation of their-organic-walled cysts: surface water temperature，salinity，nitrate，phosphate，chlorophyll-a concentrations and bottom water oxygen concentrations. Graphs are provided for every species depicting the relationship between seasonal and annual variations of these parameters and the relative abundance of the species. Results have been compared with previously published records； an overview of the ecological significance as well as information about the seasonal production of each individual species is presented.

The relationship between the cyst distribution and variation in the aforementioned environmental parameters was analysed by performing a canonical correspondence analysis. All tested variables showed a positive relationship on the 99% confidence level. Sea-surface temperature represents the parameter corresponding to the largest amount of variance within the dataset（40%）followed by nitrate，salinity，phosphate and bottom-water oxygen concentration，which correspond to 34%，33%，25% and 24% of the variance，respectively. Characterisations of selected environments as well as a discussion about how these factors could have influenced the final cyst yield in sediments are included.

Keywords： recent marine-sediments； sea-surface conditions； alexandrium-minutum dinophyceae； upper quaternary sediments； benguela upwelling system； northern baltic sea； gulf-of-california； sp-nov dinophyceae； south china sea； resting cysts

来源出版物： Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology，2013，191: 1-197联系邮箱： Zonneveld，KAF； zonnev@uni-bremen.de

被引频次： 19

A Be-10 production-rate calibration for the Arctic

Young，NE； Schaefer，JM； Briner，JP； et al.

Abstract： We present a Baffin Bay Be-10 production-rate calibration derived from glacial deposits in western Greenland and Baffin Island，and test our results against published Be-10 calibration datasets to develop an Arctic Be-10 production rate. Our calibration comprises:（i）Be-10 measurements from moraine boulders linked to a C-14-dated moraine at Jakobshavn Isfjord in western Greenland，（ii）an independent and previously published Be-10 production rate at Jakobshavn Isfjord and（iii）re-measured Be-10 concentrations from a Baffin Island calibration site that is included in the north-eastern North America dataset. Combined，we calculate a sea-level/high-latitude Be-10 production rate for the Baffin Bay region of 3.96±0.07 atoms g-1）a-1（Lal/Stone scaling model）. After testing the Baffin Bay rate against calibration sites in Norway and north-eastern North America，we calculate a more conservative Arctic production rate of 3.96±0.15 atoms g-1a-1. The Baffin Bay and Arctic Be-10 production rates are indistinguishable from the north-eastern North America Be-10 production rate（3.91±0.19 atoms g-1）a-1）and yield overall uncertainties of ＜2-3.7%（1 sigma）. These production rates reduce systematic uncertainties in Be-10-based chronologies of ice-margin change and allow Be-10-based chronologies to be more confidently compared with high-resolution climate records，such as those from Greenland ice cores.

Keywords： holocene glacier fluctuations； situ cosmogenic nuclides； younger dryas； new-zealand； western norway； north-america； baffin-island； southern alps； disko bugt； ice-sheet

来源出版物： Journal of Quaternary Science，2013，28（5）: 515-526联系邮箱： Young，NE； nicolasy@ldeo.columbia.edu

被引频次： 19

Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica

Butler，PG； Wanamaker，AD； Scourse，JD； et al.

Abstract： A multicentennial and absolutely-dated shell-based chronology for the marine environment of the North Icelandic Shelf has been constructed using annual growth increments in the shell of the long-lived bivalve clam Arctica islandica. The region from which the shells were collected is close to the North Atlantic Polar Front and is highly sensitive to the varying influences of Atlantic and Arctic water masses. A strong common environmental signal is apparent in the increment widths，and although the correlations between the growth increment indices and regional sea surface temperatures are significant at the 95% confidence level，they are low（r similar to 0.2），indicating that a more complex combination of environmental forcings is driving growth. Remarkable longevities of individual animals are apparent in the increment-width series used in the chronology，with several animals having lifetimes in excess of 300 years and one，at 507 years，being the longest-lived non-colonial animal so far reported whose age at death can be accurately determined. The sample depth is at least three shells after AD 1175，and the time series has been extended back to AD 649 with a sample depth of one or two by the addition of two further series，thus providing a 1357-year archive of dated shell material. The statistical and spectral characteristics of the chronology are investigated by using two different methods of removing the age-related trend in shell growth. Comparison with other proxy archives from the same region reveals several similarities in variability on multidecadal timescales，particularly during the period surrounding the transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly to the Little Ice Age.

Keywords： sea-surface temperatures； late-holocene； sclerochronological records； master-chronology； tree-rings； atlantic； mollusk； water；gulf； reconstructions

来源出版物： Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology，2013，373: 141-151联系邮箱： Butler，PG； p.g.butler@bangor.ac.uk

被引频次： 17

Evidence for taphonomic size bias in the Dinosaur Park Formation（Campanian, Alberta）, a model Mesozoic terrestrial alluvial-paralic system

Brown，CM； Evans，DC； Campione，NE； et al.

Abstract： A study of the distribution of dinosaurian body masses in the Dinosaur Park Formation（DPF； Campanian； southern Alberta），reveals a prominent negative skew； a pattern distinct from those of modern terrestrial faunas. We find a direct and robust correlation between taxon size（estimated live body mass）and known completeness. There is a clear dichotomy between large and small-bodied taxa at around 60 kg，in which taxa less than 60 kg are significantly less complete（mean completeness = 7.6%）than those with an estimated mass of 60 kg or greater（mean =78.2%）. Along with completeness，there is also a strong association of body size and taphonomic mode，with small taxa known largely from isolated and occasionally associated remains，and large taxa known from articulated skeletons. In addition，there is a significant correlation between taxon body mass and both date of discovery and of description，with taxa ＜60 kg taking an average of 65.9 and 75.6 years to discover and describe，respectively，compared to 33.6 and 34.1 years for taxa ＞60 kg. The rates of both cumulative discovery and description for large taxa are best described by a logarithmic curve nearing an asymptote，whereas small taxa show either a linear or power increase through time. This suggests that our current knowledge of the large-bodied dinosaur assemblage is reasonably representative of the true biological fauna with few discoveries likely to be made in the future. However，small taxa are greatly underestimated in both their diversity and abundance，with many more potential discoveries to be made. Given that（1）the sedimentary deposits and fossil assemblages in the DPF together represent one of the best studied examples of a Mesozoic alluvial-paralic（terrestrial）'palaeoecosystem，' and（2）similar patterns have been suggested（but not documented）for other Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems in theWestern Interior of North America，we suggest that this pattern of size bias may typify vertebrate fossil assemblages in terrestrial Mesozoic systems. If so，such biases must be considered before patterns of diversity in dinosaur communities through time can be considered accurate，or used to compare and interpret Mesozoic palaeoecosystems.

Keywords： body-size； fossil record； sampling biases； provincial-park； taxonomic implications； vertebrate taphonomy； mass extinctions；species richness； oldman formation； sea-level

来源出版物： Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology，2013，372: 108-122

联系邮箱： Brown，CM； caleb.brown@mail.utoronto.ca

被引频次： 14

Late Cretaceous stratigraphy, Songliao Basin, NE China： SK1 cores

Wan，XQ； Zhao，J； Scott，RW； et al.

Abstract： The Songliao Basin is the largest Cretaceous oil and gas-producing lacustrine basin in China，with its greatest aerial extent in the middle Cretaceous. A coring program（SKI）has to date yielded 2485.89 m of continuous core（96.46% recovery）and provides significant material for Cretaceous research. The sequence of the core consists mainly of lacustrine sandstone，dark grey mudstone，shale and oil-shale. The Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic section has been subdivided into the Quantou，Qingshankou，Yaojia，Nenjiang，Sifangtai and Mingshui formations in ascending order. Late Cretaceous microfossils are diverse and abundant. A detailed biostratigraphic study has subdivided the sequence into high precision biozones: 21 ostracode assemblages，10 phytoplankton assemblages，7 palynological zones and 4 charophyta assemblages，respectively. In addition，marine foraminifera were first discovered from the basin. Three Pb-206/U-238 ages and one Ar-40/Ar-39 age were analysed. Ten local magnetozones have been recognised in the SKI（North），and two magnetozones have been indicated in the SKI（South）. Based on biostratigraphy，high-resolution magnetostratigraphy and SIMS U-Pb zircon analyses，the SKI stratigraphy is correlated with Upper Cretaceous stages in the International Geologic Time Scale. The upper part of the Quantou Formation is the lower Turonian； the Qingshankou Formation is the upper Turonian lower Coniacian； the Yaojia Formation is from the upper Coniacian to middle Santonian； the Nenjiang Formation is the upper Santonian to middle Campanian； the Sifangtai Formation is limited to the upper Campanian； and the Mingshui Formation is the uppermost Campanian to Maastrichtian. It is likely that the upper part of the Mingshui Formation belongs to the Paleocene，and the K/Pg boundary is within the Member 2 of the Mingshui Formation around the depth of 328 m by new micropalaeontologic and magnetostratigraphic data.

Keywords： foraminifera； recognition； boundary； strata； age

来源出版物： Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology，2013，385: 31-43联系邮箱： Wan，XQ； wanxq@cugb.edu.cn

PARASITOLOGY 寄生物学

被引频次： 105

Post-Treatment HIV-1 Controllers with a Long-Term Virological Remission after the Interruption of Early Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study

Saez-Cirion，A； Bacchus，C； Hocqueloux，L； et al.

Abstract： Combination antiretroviral therapy（cART）reduces HIV-associated morbidities and mortalities but cannot cure the infection. Given the difficulty of eradicating HIV-1，a functional cure for HIV-infected patients appears to be a more reachable short-term goal. We identified 14 HIV patients（post-treatment controllers ［PTCs］）whose viremia remained controlled for several years after the interruption of prolonged cART initiated during the primary infection. Most PTCs lacked the protective HLA B alleles that are overrepresented in spontaneous HIV controllers（HICs）； instead，they carried risk-associated HLA alleles that were largely absent among the HICs. Accordingly，the PTCs had poorer CD8+ T cell responses and more severe primary infections than the HICs did. Moreover，the incidence of viral control after the interruption of early antiretroviral therapy was higher among the PTCs than has been reported for spontaneous control. Off therapy，the PTCs were able to maintain and，in some cases，further reduce an extremely low viral reservoir. We found that long-lived HIV-infected CD4+ T cells contributed poorly to the total resting HIV reservoir in the PTCs because of a low rate of infection of naive T cells and a skewed distribution of resting memory CD4+ T cell subsets. Our results show that early and prolonged cART may allow some individuals with a rather unfavorable background to achieve long-term infection control and may have important implications in the search for a functional HIV cure.

Keywords： t-cell responses； primary infection； immune function； plasma viremia； viral load； ex-vivo； in-vivo； virus； nonprogressors； replication

来源出版物： Plos Pathogens，2013，9（3）: e1003211联系邮箱： Saez-Cirion，A； asier.saez-cirion@pasteur.fr

被引频次： 74

New World Bats Harbor Diverse Influenza A Viruses

Tong，SX； Zhu，XY； Li，Y； et al.

Abstract： Aquatic birds harbor diverse influenza A viruses and are a major viral reservoir in nature. The recent discovery of influenza vi-ruses of a new H17N10 subtype in Central American fruit bats suggests that other New World species may similarly carry divergent influenza viruses. Using consensus degenerate RT-PCR，we identified a novel influenza A virus，designated as H18N11，in a flat-faced fruit bat（Artibeus planirostris）from Peru. Serologic studies with the recombinant H18 protein indicated that several Peruvian bat species were infected by this virus. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that，in some gene segments，New World bats harbor more influenza virus genetic diversity than all other mammalian and avian species combined，indicative of a long-standing host-virus association. Structural and functional analyses of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase indicate that sialic acid is not a ligand for virus attachment nor a substrate for release，suggesting a unique mode of influenza A virus attachment and activation of membrane fusion for entry into host cells. Taken together，these findings indicate that bats constitute a potentially important and likely ancient reservoir for a diverse pool of influenza viruses.

Keywords： hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein； maximum-likelihood； viral polymerase； pb2 protein； sars-like； segment 3； neuraminidase； binding； host； coronaviruses

来源出版物： Plos Pathogens，2013，9（10）: e1003657联系邮箱： Tong，SX； sot1@cdc.gov

被引频次： 51

The Retroviral Restriction Ability of SAMHD1, but Not Its Deoxynucleotide Triphosphohydrolase Activity, Is Regulated by Phosphorylation

White，TE； Brandariz-Nunez，A； Valle-Casuso，JC； et al.

Abstract： SAMHD1 is a cellular enzyme that depletes intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates（dNTPs）and inhibits the ability of retroviruses，notably HIV-1，to infect myeloid cells. Although SAMHD1 is expressed in both cycling and noncycling cells，the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 is limited to noncycling cells. We determined that SAMHD1 is phosphorylated on residue T592 in cycling cells but that this phosphorylation is lost when cells are in a noncycling state. Reverse genetic experiments revealed that SAMHD1 phosphorylated on residue T592 is unable to block retroviral infection，but this modification does not affect the ability of SAMHD1 to decrease cellular dNTP levels. SAMHD1 contains a target motif for cyclin-dependent kinase 1（cdk1）（592 TPQK 595），and cdk1 activity is required for SAMHD1 phosphorylation. Collectively，these findings indicate that phosphorylation modulates the ability of SAMHD1 to block retroviral infection without affecting its ability to decrease cellular dNTP levels.

Keywords： immunodeficiency-virus type-1； aicardi-goutieres syndrome； CD4（+）t-cells； hiv-1 restriction； dendritic cells； vpx protein； reverse transcription； primate lentiviruses； nuclear-localization； ubiquitin ligase

来源出版物： Cell Host & Microbe，2013，13（4）: 441-451联系邮箱： Diaz-Griffero，F； felipe.diaz-griffero@einstein.yu.edu

被引频次： 50

Fusobacterium nucleatum Potentiates Intestinal Tumorigenesis and Modulates the Tumor-Immune Microenvironment

Kostic，AD； Chun，EY； Robertson，L； et al.

Abstract： Increasing evidence links the gut microbiota with colorectal cancer. Metagenomic analyses indicate that symbiotic Fusobacterium spp. are associated with human colorectal carcinoma，but whether this is an indirect or causal link remains unclear. We find that Fusobacterium spp. are enriched in human colonic adenomas relative to surrounding tissues and in stool samples from colorectal adenoma and carcinoma patients compared to healthy subjects. Additionally，in the Apc（Min/+）mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis，Fusobacterium nucleatum increases tumor multiplicity and selectively recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells，which can promote tumor progression. Tumors from Apc（Min/+）mice exposed to F. nucleatum exhibit a proinflammatory expression signature that is shared with human fusobacteria-positive colorectal carcinomas. However，unlike other bacteria linked to colorectal carcinoma，F. nucleatum does not exacerbate colitis，enteritis，or inflammation-associated intestinal carcinogenesis. Collectively，these data suggest that，through recruitment of tumor-infiltrating immune cells，fusobacteria generate a proinflammatory microenvironment that is conducive for colorectal neoplasia progression.

Keywords： regulatory t-cells； nf-kappa-b； colorectal-cancer； microbial products； bet deficiency； inflammation； activation； diversity； innate；system

来源出版物： Cell Host & Microbe，2013，14（2）: 207-215联系邮箱： Meyerson，M； matthew_meyerson@dfci.harvard.edu

被引频次： 50

Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe

Medlock，JM； Hansford，KM； Bormane，A； et al.

Abstract： Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus（Acari: Ixodidae）in Europe，as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic，ecological，landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change，contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe，and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia； those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts，particularly roe deer and other cervids； other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management； and finally，anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions，for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale，and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus（and changes in its abundance）is，however，essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers，other stake holders and to the general public.

Keywords： burgdorferi sensu-lato； facing altitudinal gradient； borne encephalitis-virus； borrelia-burgdorferi； lyme borreliosis； acari ixodidae； dermacentor-reticulatus； information-systems； population-dynamics； saturation deficit

来源出版物： Parasites & Vectors，2013，6: 1联系邮箱： Medlock，JM； jolyon.medlock@hpa.org.uk

PATHOLOGY 病理学

被引频次： 110

Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling

Mantovani，A； Biswas，SK； Galdiero，MR； et al.

Abstract： Mononuclear phagocyte plasticity includes the expression of functions related to the resolution of inflammation，tissue repair and remodelling，particularly when these cells are set in an M2 or an M2-like activation mode. Macrophages are credited with an essential role in remodelling during ontogenesis. In extraembryonic life，under homeostatic conditions，the macrophage trophic and remodelling functions are recapitulated in tissues such as bone，mammary gland，decidua and placenta. In pathology，macrophages are key components of tissue repair and remodelling that occur during wound healing，allergy，parasite infection and cancer. Interaction with cells bearing stem or progenitor cell properties is likely an important component of the role of macrophages in repair and remodelling. These properties of cells of the monocytemacrophage lineage may represent a tool and a target for therapeutic exploitation.

Keywords： alternatively activated macrophages； tumor-associated macrophages； serum amyloid p； mesenchymal stem-cells； myeloid cells；breast-cancer； mononuclear phagocytes； myocardial-infarction； mediated inflammation； adaptive immunity

来源出版物： Journal of Pathology，2013，229（2）: 176-185联系邮箱： Mantovani，A； Alberto.Mantovani@humanitasresearch.it

被引频次： 60

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy

Bonaldo，P； Sandri，M

Abstract： Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy，proteolytic systems are activated，and contractile proteins and organelles are removed，resulting in the shrinkage of muscle fibers. Excessive loss of muscle mass is associated with poor prognosis in several diseases，including myopathies and muscular dystrophies，as well as in systemic disorders such as cancer，diabetes，sepsis and heart failure. Muscle loss also occurs during aging. In this paper，we review the key mechanisms that regulate the turnover of contractile proteins and organelles in muscle tissue，and discuss how impairments in these mechanisms can contribute to muscle atrophy. We also discuss how protein synthesis and degradation are coordinately regulated by signaling pathways that are influenced by mechanical stress，physical activity，and the availability of nutrients and growth factors. Understanding how these pathways regulate muscle mass will provide new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy in metabolic and neuromuscular diseases.

Keywords： foxo transcription factors； vi muscular-dystrophies； retracted article. see； adult skeletal-muscle； growth-factor-i； ring finger 1；ubiquitin ligases； protein-degradation； myoblast differentiation； transgenic mice

来源出版物： Disease Models & Mechanisms，2013，6（1）: 25-39联系邮箱： Bonaldo，P； bonaldo@bio.unipd.it

被引频次： 59

Immunohistochemistry Is Highly Sensitive and Specific for the Detection of V600E BRAF Mutation in Melanoma

Long，GV； Wilmott，JS； Capper，D； et al.

Abstract： This study investigated the sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical（IHC）analysis using an anti-BRAF antibody to detect the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation in patients with metastatic melanoma. A total of 100 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIIC unresectable or stage IV melanoma and who underwent tumor DNA BRAF mutation testing were selected. Paraffin-embedded，formalin-fixed melanoma biopsies were analyzed for the BRAF mutation status by independent，blinded observersusing both conventional DNA molecular techniques and IHC with the novel BRAF V600E mutant-specific antibody，VE1. The antibody had a sensitivity of 97%（37/38）and a specificity of 98%（58/59）for detecting the presence of a BRAF V600E mutation. Of the BRAF-mutated cases，none of the non-V600E cases（including V600K）stained positive with the antibody（0/11）. There were 5 cases with discordant BRAF mutation results. Additional molecular analysis confirmed the immunohistochemically obtained BRAF result in 3 cases，suggesting that the initial molecular testing results were incorrect. Two of these patients would not have received a BRAF inhibitor on the basis of the initial false-negative mutation testing result. Two cases remained discordant. The reported IHC method is an accurate，rapid，and cost-effective method for detecting V600E BRAF mutations in melanoma patients. Clinical use of the V600E BRAF antibody should be a valuable supplement to conventional mutation testing and allow V600E mutant metastatic melanoma patients to be triaged rapidly into appropriate treatment pathways.

Keywords： copy number analysis； braf（v600e）mutation； stage-ii； cancer； polyclonality； metastases； survival； tumors； trial； assay

来源出版物： American Journal of Surgical Pathology，2013，37（1）: 61-65联系邮箱： Long，GV； georgina.long@sydney.edu.au

被引频次： 54

hnRNP A3 binds to GGGGCC repeats and is a constituent of p62-positive/TDP43-negative inclusions in the hippocampus of patients with C9orf72 mutations

Mori，K； Lammich，S； Mackenzie，IRA； et al.

Abstract： Genetic analysis revealed the hexanucleotide repeat expansion GGGGCC within the regulatory region of the gene C9orf72 as the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the second most common cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Since repeat expansions might cause RNA toxicity via sequestration of RNA-binding proteins，we searched for proteins capable of binding to GGGGCC repeats. In vitro-transcribed biotinylated RNA containing hexanucleotide GGGGCC or，as control，AAAACC repeats were incubated with nuclear protein extracts. Using stringent filtering protocols 20 RNA-binding proteins with a variety of different functions in RNA metabolism，translation and transport were identified. A subset of these proteins was further investigated by immunohistochemistry in human autopsy brains. This revealed that hnRNP A3 formed neuronal cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in the hippocampus of patients with C9orf72 repeat extensions. Confocal microcopy showed that these inclusions belong to the group of the so far enigmatic p62-positive/TDP-43 negative inclusions characteristically seen in autopsy cases of diseased C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers. Thus，we have identified one protein component of these pathognomonic inclusions.

Keywords： amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis； frontotemporal lobar degeneration； hexanucleotide repeat； mass-spectrometry； dementia； protein；tdp-43； als； gene； expansions

来源出版物： Acta Neuropathologica，2013，125（3）: 413-423联系邮箱： Haass，C； christian.haass@dzne.lmu.de

被引频次： 52

Molecular Testing Guideline for Selection of Lung Cancer Patients for EGFR and ALK Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Lindeman，NI； Cagle，PT； Beasley，MB； et al.

Abstract： Objective.-To establish evidence-based recommendations for the molecular analysis of lung cancers that are required to guide EGFR- and ALK-directed therapies，addressing which patients and samples should be tested，and when and how testing should be performed. Participants.-Three cochairs without conflicts of interest were selected，one from each of the 3 sponsoring professional societies: College of American Pathologists，International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer，and Association for Molecular Pathology. Writing and advisory panels were constituted from additional experts from these societies.

Evidence.-Three unbiased literature searches of electronic databases were performed to capture articles published from January 2004 through February 2012，yielding 1533 articles whose abstracts were screened to identify 521 pertinent articles that were then reviewed in detail for their relevance to the recommendations. Evidence was formally graded for each recommendation.

Consensus Process.-Initial recommendations were formulated by the cochairs and panel members at a public meeting. Each guideline section was assigned to at least 2 panelists. Drafts were circulated to the writing panel（version 1），advisory panel（version 2），and the public（version 3）before submission（version 4）.

Conclusions.-The 37 guideline items address 14 subjects，including 15 recommendations（evidence grade A/B）. The major recommendations are to use testing for EGFR mutations and ALK fusions to guide patient selection for therapy with an epidermal growth factor receptor（EGFR）or anaplastic lymphoma kinase（ALK）inhibitor，respectively，in all patients with advanced-stage adenocarcinoma，regardless of sex，race，smoking history，or other clinical risk factors，and to prioritize EGFR and ALK testing over other molecular predictive tests. As scientific discoveries and clinical practice outpace the completion of randomized clinical trials，evidence-based guidelines developed by expert practitioners are vital for communicating emerging clinical standards. Already，new treatments targeting genetic alterations in other，less common driver oncogenes are being evaluated in lung cancer，and testing for these may be addressed in future versions of these guidelines.

Keywords： epidermal-growth-factor； factor-receptor gene； in-situ-hybridization； polymerase-chain-reaction； mutation-specific antibodies；resolution melting analysis； performance liquid-chromatography； chemotherapy-naive patients； eml4-alk fusion gene； smart-amplification process

来源出版物： Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine，2013，137（6）: 828-860

联系邮箱： Lindeman，NI； nlindeman@partners.org

PEDIATRICS 儿科学

被引频次： 57

Initiation and Use of Propranolol for Infantile Hemangioma： Report of a Consensus Conference

Drolet，BA； Frommelt，PC； Chamlin，SL； et al.

Abstract： Infantile hemangiomas（IHs）are common neoplasms composed of proliferating endothelial-like cells. Despite the relative frequency of IH and the potential severity of complications，there are currently no uniform guidelines for treatment. Although propranolol has rapidly been adopted，there is significant uncertainty and divergence of opinion regarding safety monitoring，dose escalation，and its use in PHACE syndrome（PHACE = posterior fossa，hemangioma，arterial lesions，cardiac abnormalities，eye abnormalities； a cutaneous neurovascular syndrome characterized by large，segmental hemangiomas of the head and neck along with congenital anomalies of the brain，heart，eyes and/or chest wall）. A consensus conference was held on December 92011. The multidisciplinary team reviewed existing data on the pharmacologic properties of propranolol and all published reports pertaining to the use of propranolol in pediatric patients. Workgroups were assigned specific topics to propose protocols on the following subjects: contraindications，special populations，pretreatment evaluation，dose escalation，and monitoring. Consensus protocols were recorded during the meeting and refined after the meeting. When appropriate，protocol clarifications and revision were made and agreed upon by the group via teleconference. Because of the absence of high-quality clinical research data，evidence-based recommendations are not possible at present. However，the team agreed on a number of recommendations that arose from a review of existing evidence，including when to treat complicated IH； contraindications and pretreatment evaluation protocols； propranolol use in PHACE syndrome； formulation，target dose，and frequency of propranolol； initiation of propranolol in infants； cardiovascular monitoring； ongoing monitoring； and prevention of hypoglycemia. Where there was considerable controversy，the more conservative approach was selected. We acknowledge that the recommendations are conservative in nature and anticipate that they will be revised as more data are made available.

Keywords： complicated facial hemangiomas； kasabach-merritt syndrome； low-dose propranolol； oral propranolol； subglottic hemangioma；1st-line treatment； case series； hepatic hemangioma； airway hemangiomas； laryngotracheal hemangioma

来源出版物： Pediatrics，2013，131（1）: 128-140联系邮箱： Drolet，BA； bdrolet@mcw.edu

被引频次： 52

The Use of Computed Tomography in Pediatrics and the Associated Radiation Exposure and Estimated Cancer Risk

Miglioretti，DL； Johnson，E； Williams，A； et al.

Abstract： IMPORTANCE Increased use of computed tomography（CT）in pediatrics raises concerns about cancer risk from exposure to ionizing radiation.

OBJECTIVES To quantify trends in the use of CT in pediatrics and the associated radiation exposure and cancer risk.

DESIGN Retrospective observational study.

SETTING Seven US health care systems.

PARTICIPANTS The use of CT was evaluated for children younger than 15 years of age from 1996 to 2010，including 4857736 child-years of observation. Radiation doses were calculated for 744 CT scans performed between 2001 and 2011.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rates of CT use，organ and effective doses，and projected lifetime attributable risks of cancer.

RESULTS The use of CT doubled for children younger than 5 years of age and tripled for children 5 to 14 years of age between 1996 and 2005，remained stable between 2006 and 2007，and then began to decline. Effective doses varied from 0.03 to 69.2 mSv per scan. An effective dose of 20 mSv or higher was delivered by 14% to 25% of abdomen/pelvis scans，6% to 14% of spine scans，and 3% to 8% of chest scans. Projected lifetime attributable risks of solid cancer were higher for younger patients and girls than for older patients and boys，and they were also higher for patients who underwent CT scans of the abdomen/pelvis or spine than for patients who underwent other types of CT scans. For girls，a radiation-induced solid cancer is projected to result from every 300 to 390 abdomen/pelvis scans，330 to 480 chest scans，and 270 to 800 spine scans，depending on age. The risk of leukemia was highest from head scans for children younger than 5 years of age at a rate of 1.9 cases per 10000 CT scans. Nationally，4 million pediatric CT scans of the head，abdomen/pelvis，chest，or spine performed each year are projected to cause 4870 future cancers. Reducing the highest 25% of doses to the median might prevent 43% of these cancers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The increased use of CT in pediatrics，combined with the wide variability in radiation doses，has resulted in many children receiving a high-dose examination. Dose-reduction strategies targeted to the highest quartile of doses could dra-matically reduce the number of radiation-induced cancers.

Keywords： imaging procedures； helical ct； children； body； appendicitis； diagnosis； adult； alara

来源出版物： Jama Pediatrics，2013，167（8）: 700-707联系邮箱： Miglioretti，DL； dmiglioretti@ucdavis.edu

被引频次： 48

Annual Summary of Vital Statistics： 2010-2011

Hamilton，BE； Hoyert，DL； Martin，JA； et al.

Abstract： The number of births in the United States declined by 1% between 2010 and 2011，to a total of 3 953 593. The general fertility rate also declined by 1% to 63.2 births per 1000 women，the lowest rate ever reported. The total fertility rate was down by 2% in 2011（to 1894.5 births per 1000 women）. The teenage birth rate fell to another historic low in 2011，31.3 births per 1000 women. Birth rates also declined for women aged 20 to 29 years，but the rates increased for women aged 35 to 39 and 40 to 44 years. The percentage of all births to unmarried women declined slightly to 40.7% in 2011，from 40.8% in 2010. In 2011，the cesarean delivery rate was unchanged from 2010 at 32.8%. The preterm birth rate declined for the fifth straight year in 2011 to 11.72%； the low birth weight rate declined slightly to 8.10%. The infant mortality rate was 6.05 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2011，which was not significantly lower than the rate of 6.15 deaths in 2010. Life expectancy at birth was 78.7 years in 2011，which was unchanged from 2010. Crude death rates for children aged 1 to 19 years did not change significantly between 2010 and 2011. Unintentional injuries and homicide were the first and second leading causes of death，respectively，in this age group. These 2 causes of death jointly accounted for 47.0% of all deaths of children and adolescents in 2011.

Keywords： infant-mortality； united-states； international rankings

来源出版物： Pediatrics，2013，131（3）: 548-558联系邮箱： Hamilton，BE； boh5@cdc.gov

被引频次： 48

The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media

Lieberthal，AS； Carroll，AE； Chonmaitree，T； et al.

Abstract： This evidence-based clinical practice guideline is a revision of the 2004 acute otitis media（AOM）guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics（AAP）and American Academy of Family Physicians. It provides recommendations to primary care clinicians for the management of children from 6 months through 12 years of age with uncomplicated AOM.

In 2009，the AAP convened a committee composed of primary care physicians and experts in the fields of pediatrics，family practice，otolaryngology，epidemiology，infectious disease，emergency medicine，and guideline methodology. The subcommittee partnered with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center to develop a comprehensive review of the new literature related to AOM since the initial evidence report of 2000. The resulting evidence report and other sources of data were used to formulate the practice guideline recommendations.

The focus of this practice guideline is the appropriate diagnosis and initial treatment of a child presenting with AOM. The guideline provides a specific，stringent definition of AOM. It addresses pain management，initial observation versus antibiotic treatment，appropriate choices of antibiotic agents，and preventive measures. It also addresses recurrent AOM，which was not included in the 2004 guideline. Decisions were made on the basis of a systematic grading of the quality of evidence and benefit-harm relationships. The practice guideline underwent comprehensive peer review before formal approval by the AAP.

This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the management of children with AOM. Rather，it is intended to assist primary care clinicians by providing a framework for clinical decision-making. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or establish a protocol for all children with this condition. These recommendations may not provide the only appropriate approach to the management of this problem.

Keywords： pneumococcal conjugate vaccine； middle-ear effusion； respiratory-tract infections； clinical-practice guideline； nontypable haemophilus-influenzae； tympanostomy tube insertion； culture-confirmed influenza； randomized controlled-trial； placebo-controlled trial；antimicrobial surveillance program

来源出版物： Pediatrics，2013，131（3）: E964-E999

被引频次： 46

A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy： state of the evidence

Novak，I； Mcintyre，S； Morgan，C； et al.

Abstract： AIM The aim of this study was to describe systematically the best available intervention evidence for children with cerebral palsy（CP）.

METHOD This study was a systematic review of systematic reviews. The following databases were searched: CINAHL，Cochrane Library，DARE，EMBASE，Google Scholar MEDLINE，OTSeeker，PEDro，PsycBITE，PsycINFO，and speechBITE. Two independent reviewers determined whether studies met the inclusion criteria. These were that（1）the study was a systematic review or the next best available；（2）itwas a medical/allied health intervention； and（3）that more than 25% of participants were children with CP. Interventions were coded using the Oxford Levels of Evidence； GRADE； Evidence Alert Traffic Light； and the International Classification of Function，Disability and Health.

RESULTS Overall，166 articles met the inclusion criteria（74% systematic reviews）across 64 discrete interventions seeking 131 outcomes. Of the outcomes assessed，16%（21 out of 131）were graded 'do it'（green go）； 58%（76 out of 131）'probably do it'（yellow measure）； 20%（26 out of 131）'probably do not do it'（yellow measure）； and 6%（8 out of 131）'do not do it'（red stop）. Green interventions included anticonvulsants，bimanual training，botulinum toxin，bisphosphonates，casting，constraint-induced movement therapy，context-focused therapy，diazepam，fitness training，goal-directed training，hip surveillance，home programmes，occupational therapy after botulinum toxin，pressure care，and selective dorsal rhizotomy. Most（70%）evidence for intervention was lower level（yellow）while 6% was ineffective（red）.

INTERPRETATION Evidence supports 15 green light interventions. All yellow light interventions should be accompanied by a sensitive outcome measure to monitor progress and red light interventions should be discontinued since alternatives exist.

Keywords： international consensus statement； botulinum toxin assessment； aacpdm evidence report； randomized controlled-trial； intrathecal baclofen therapy； selective dorsal rhizotomy； induced movement therapy； of-the-literature； lower-limb spasticity； gross motor function

来源出版物： Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology，2013，55（10）: 885-910联系邮箱： Novak，I； inovak@cerebralpalsy.org.au

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE 外周血管疾病

被引频次： 315

Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

Jauch，EC； Saver，JL； Adams，HP； et al.

Abstract： Background and Purpose-The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audiences are prehospital care providers，physicians，allied health professionals，and hospital administrators responsible for the care of acute ischemic stroke patients within the first 48 hours from stroke onset. These guidelines supersede the prior 2007 guidelines and 2009 updates.

Methods-Members of the writing committee were appointed by the American Stroke Association Stroke Council's Scientific Statement Oversight Committee，representing various areas of medical expertise. Strict adherence to the American Heart Association conflict of interest policy was maintained throughout the consensus process. Panel members were assigned topics relevant to their areas of expertise，reviewed the stroke literature with emphasis on publications since the prior guidelines，and drafted recommendations in accordance with the American Heart Association Stroke Council's Level of Evidence grading algorithm.

Results-The goal of these guidelines is to limit the morbidity and mortality associated with stroke. The guidelines support the overarching concept of stroke systems of care and detail aspects of stroke care from patient recognition； emergency medical services activation，transport，and triage； through the initial hours in the emergency department and stroke unit. The guideline discusses early stroke evaluation and general medical care，as well as ischemic stroke，specific interventions such as reperfusion strategies，and general physiological optimization for cerebral resuscitation.

Conclusions-Because many of the recommendations are based on limited data，additional research on treatment of acute ischemic stroke remains urgently needed.

Keywords： middle-cerebral-artery； tissue-plasminogen-activator； randomized controlled-trial； magnetic-resonance angiography； internal carotid-artery； placebo-controlled trial； diffusion-weighted mri； digital-subtraction-angiography； computed-tomography angiography；emergency medical-services

来源出版物： Stroke，2013，44（3）: 870-947

被引频次： 79

European Society of Hypertension Position Paper on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

O'Brien，E； Parati，G； Stergiou，G； et al.

Abstract： Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring（ABPM）is being used increasingly in both clinical practice and hypertension research. Although there are many guidelines that emphasize the indications for ABPM，there is no comprehensive guideline dealing with all aspects of the technique. It was agreed at a consensus meeting on ABPM in Milan in 2011 that the 34 attendees should prepare a comprehensive position paper on the scientific evidence for ABPM.This position paper considers the historical background，the advantages and limitations of ABPM，the threshold levels for practice，and the cost-effectiveness of the technique. It examines the need for selecting an appropriate device，the accuracy of devices，the additional information and indices that ABPM devices may provide，and the software requirements.At a practical level，the paper details the requirements for using ABPM in clinical practice，editing considerations，the number of measurements required，and the circumstances，such as obesity and arrhythmias，when particular care needs to be taken when using ABPM.The clinical indications for ABPM，among which white-coat phenomena，masked hypertension，and nocturnal hypertension appear to be prominent，areoutlined in detail along with special considerations that apply in certain clinical circumstances，such as childhood，the elderly and pregnancy，and in cardiovascular illness，examples being stroke and chronic renal disease，and the place of home measurement of blood pressure in relation to ABPM is appraised.The role of ABPM in research circumstances，such as pharmacological trials and in the prediction of outcome in epidemiological studies is examined and finally the implementation of ABPM in practice is considered in relation to the issue of reimbursement in different countries，the provision of the technique by primary care practices，hospital clinics and pharmacies，and the growing role of registries of ABPM in many countries.

Keywords： white-coat hypertension； american-heart-association； arterial stiffness index； randomized controlled-trial； obstructive sleep-apnea； chronic kidney-disease； left-ventricular hypertrophy； independent risk-factor； stage renal-disease； e-loro-associazioni

来源出版物： Journal of Hypertension，2013，31（9）: 1731-1768联系邮箱： O'Brien，E； eobrien@iol.ie

被引频次： 75

Substantial Reduction in Single Sympathetic Nerve Firing After Renal Denervation in Patients With Resistant Hypertension

Hering，D； Lambert，EA； Marusic，P； et al.

Abstract： Renal denervation（RDN）has been shown to reduce blood pressure（BP）and muscle sympathetic nerve activity（MSNA）in patients with resistant hypertension. The mechanisms underlying sympathetic neural inhibition are unknown. We examined whether RDN differentially influences the sympathetic discharge pattern of vasoconstrictor neurons in patients with resistant hypertension. Standardized office BP，single-unit MSNA，and multi-unit MSNA were obtained at baseline and at 3-month follow-up in 35 patients with resistant hypertension. Twenty-five patients underwent RDN，and 10 patients underwent repeated measurements without RDN（non-RDN）. Baseline BP averaged 164/93 mm Hg（RDN）and 164/87 mm Hg（non-RDN）despite use of an average of 4.8±0.4 and 4.4±0.5 antihypertensive drugs，respectively. Mean office BP decreased significantly by -13/-6 mm Hg for systolic BP（P＜0.001）and diastolic BP（P ＜0.05）with RDN but not in non-RDN at 3-month follow-up. RDN moderately decreased multi-unit MSNA（79±3 versus 73±4 bursts/100 heartbeats；P ＜ 0.05），whereas all properties of single-unit MSNA including firing rates of individual vasoconstrictor fibers（43±5 versus 27±3 spikes/100 heartbeats； P ＜0.01），firing probability（30±2 versus 22±2% per heartbeat； P ＜0.02），and multiple firing incidence of single units within a cardiac cycle（8±1 versus 4±1% per heartbeat； P ＜0.05）were substantially reduced at follow-up. BP，single-unit MSNA，and multi-unit MSNA remained unaltered in the non-RDN cohort at follow-up. RDN results in the substantial and rapid reduction in firing properties of single sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers，this being more pronounced than multi-unit MSNA inhibition. Whether the earlier changes in single-unit firing patterns may predict long-term BP response to RDN warrants further exploration.

Keywords： blood-pressure； noradrenaline spillover； pattern； discharge； humans； system； association； recordings

来源出版物： Hypertension，2013，61（2）: 457联系邮箱： Schlaich，MP； markus.schlaich@bakeridi.edu.au

PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACY 药理学和药学

被引频次： 155

Liposomal drug delivery systems： From concept to clinical applications

Allen，TM； Cullis，PR

Abstract： The first closed bilayer phospholipid systems，called liposomes，were described in 1965 and soon were proposed as drug delivery systems. The pioneering work of countless liposome researchers over almost 5 decades led to the development of important technical advances such as remote drug loading，extrusion for homogeneous size，long-circulating（PEGylated）liposomes，triggered release liposomes，liposomes containing nucleic acid polymers，ligand-targeted liposomes and liposomes containing combinations of drugs. These advances have led to numerous clinical trials in such diverse areas as the delivery of anti-cancer，anti-fungal and antibiotic drugs，the delivery of gene medicines，and the delivery of anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs. A number of liposomes（lipidic nanoparticles）are on the market，and many more are in the pipeline. Lipidic nanoparticles are the first nanomedicine delivery system to make the transition from concept to clinical application，and they are now an established technology platform with considerable clinical acceptance. We can look forward to many more clinical products in the future.

Keywords： sterically stabilized liposomes； long-circulating liposomes； large unilamellar vesicles； enzyme prodrug therapy； tumor-bearing mice； doxorubicin-containing liposomes； receptor-mediated endocytosis； convection-enhanced delivery； high-density lipoproteins； rapid extrusion procedure

来源出版物： Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews，2013，65（1）: 36-48联系邮箱： Allen，TM； tallen@ualberta.ca

被引频次： 113

Structure-Function of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Superfamily

Katritch，V； Cherezov，V； Stevens，RC

Abstract： During the past few years，crystallography of G protein-coupled receptors（GPCRs）has experienced exponential growth，resulting in the determination of the structures of 16 distinct receptors-9 of them in 2012 alone. Including closely related subtype homologymodels，this coverage amounts to approximately 12% of the human GPCR superfamily. The adrenergic，rhodopsin，and adenosine receptor systems are also described by agonist-bound active-state structures，including a structure of the receptor-G protein complex for the beta（2）-adrenergic receptor. Biochemical and biophysical techniques，such as nuclear magnetic resonance and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry，are providing complementary insights into ligand-dependent dynamic equilibrium between different functional states. Additional details revealed by high-resolution structures illustrate the receptors as allosteric machines that are controlled not only by ligands but also by ions，lipids，cholesterol，and water. This wealth of data is helping redefine our knowledge of how GPCRs recognize such a diverse array of ligands and how they transmit signals 30 angstroms across the cell membrane； it also is shedding light on a structural basis of GPCR allosteric modulation and biased signaling.

Keywords： beta（2）adrenergic-receptor； muscarinic acetylcholine-receptor； adenosine a（2a）receptor； structure-based discovery； histamine h-1 receptor； crystal-structure； conformational-changes； allosteric modulation； opioid receptor； drug discovery

来源出版物： Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology，2013，53: 531-556

联系邮箱： Katritch，V； stevens@scripps.edu

被引频次： 94

Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism： Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation

Zanger，UM； Schwab，M

Abstract： Cytochromes P450（CYP）are a major source of variability in drug pharmacokinetics and response. Of 57 putatively functional human CYPs only about a dozen enzymes，belonging to the CYP1，2，and 3 families，are responsible for the biotransformation of most foreign substances including 70-80% of all drugs in clinical use. The highest expressed forms in liver are CYPs 3A4，2C9，2C8，2E1，and 1A2，while 2A6，2D6，2B6，2C19 and 3A5 are less abundant and CYPs 2J2，1A1，and 1B1 are mainly expressed extrahepatically. Expression of each CYP is influenced by a unique combination of mechanisms and factors including genetic polymorphisms，induction by xenobiotics，regulation by cytokines，hormones and during disease states，as well as sex，age，and others. Multiallelic genetic polymorphisms，which strongly depend on ethnicity，play a major role for the function of CYPs 2D6，2C19，2C9，2B6，3A5 and 2A6，and lead to distinct pharmacogenetic phenotypes termed as poor，intermediate，extensive，and ultrarapid metabolizers. For these CYPs，the evidence for clinical significance regarding adverse drug reactions（ADRs），drug efficacy and dose requirement is rapidly growing. Polymorphisms in CYPs 1A1，1A2，2C8，2E1，2J2，and 3A4 are generally less predictive，but new data on CYP3A4 show that predictive variants exist and that additional variants in regulatory genes or in NADPH: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase（POR）can have an influence. Here we review the recent progress on drug metabolism activity profiles，interindividual variability and regulation of expression，and the functional and clinical impact of genetic variation in drug metabolizing P450s.

Keywords： human liver-microsomes； pregnane-x-receptor； constitutive androstane receptor； breast-cancer patients； single nucleotide polymorphisms； proton pump inhibitors； p450 oxidoreductase deficiency； antley-bixler-syndrome； messenger-rna levels； re cyp2d6 genotype

来源出版物： Pharmacology & Therapeutics，2013，138（1）: 103-141联系邮箱： Zanger，UM； uli.zanger@ikp-stuttgart.de

被引频次： 90

OPINION Signalling bias in new drug discovery： detection, quantification and therapeutic impact

Kenakin，T； Christopoulos，A

Abstract： Agonists of seven-transmembrane receptors，also known as G protein-coupled receptors（GPCRs），do not uniformly activate all cellular signalling pathways linked to a given seven-transmembrane receptor（a phenomenon termed ligand or agonist bias）； this discovery has changed how high-throughput screens are designed and how lead compounds are optimized for therapeutic activity. The ability to experimentally detect ligand bias has necessitated the development of methods for quantifying agonist bias in a way that can be used to guide structure activity studies and the selection of drug candidates. Here，we provide a viewpoint on which methods are appropriate for quantifying bias，based on knowledge of how cellular and intracellular signalling proteins control the conformation of seven-transmembrane receptors. We also discuss possible predictions of how biased molecules may perform in vivo，and what potential therapeutic advantages they may provide.

Keywords： protein-coupled receptors； beta（2）adrenergic-receptor； mu-opioid receptor； functional selectivity； allosteric modulation； conformational-changes； heart-failure； active state； in-vivo； pharmacological agonism

来源出版物： Nature Reviews Drug Discovery，2013，12（3）: 205-216联系邮箱： Kenakin，T； kenakin@email.unc.edu

被引频次： 90

The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors： Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo

Maeda，H； Nakamura，H； Fang，J

Abstract： The EPR effect results from the extravasation of macromolecules or nanoparticles through tumor blood vessels. We here providea historical review of the EPR effect including its features，vascular mediators found in both cancer and inflamed tissue. In addition，architectural and physiological differences of tumor blood vessels vs that of normal tissue are commented. Furthermore，methods of augmentation of the EPR effect are described，that result in better tumor delivery and improved therapeutic effect，where nitroglycerin，angiotensin I-converting enzyme（ACE）inhibitor，or angiotensin II-induced hypertension are employed. Consequently，better therapeutic effect and reduced systemic toxicity are generally observed. Obviously，the EPR effect based delivery of nanoprobes are also useful for tumor-selective imaging agents with using fluorescent or radio nuclei in nanoprobes. We also commented a key difference between passive tumor targeting and the EPR effect in tumors，particularly as related to drug retention in tumors: passive targeting of low-molecular-weight X-ray contrast agents involves a retention period of less than a few minutes，whereas the EPR effect of nanoparticles involves a prolonged retention time days to weeks.

Keywords： enhanced vascular-permeability； elevating blood-pressure； kinin-generating cascade； nitric-oxide scavenger； oily contrast-medium； molecular-weight； hageman-factor； cancer-chemotherapy； serratial protease； targeted delivery

来源出版物： Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews，2013，65（1）: 71-79联系邮箱： Maeda，H； hirmaeda@ph.sojo-u.ac.jp

PHYSICS APPLIED应用物理学

被引频次： 296

Solar cell efficiency tables（version 41）

Green，MA； Emery，K； Hishikawa，Y； et al.

Abstract： Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined，and new entries since June 2012 are reviewed.

Keywords： multicrystalline； concentrator； stability

来源出版物： Progress in Photovoltaics，2013，21（1）: 1-11联系邮箱： Green，MA； m.green@unsw.edu.au

被引频次： 249

Efficient inorganic-organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors

Heo，JH； Im，SH； Noh，JH； et al.

Abstract： Inorganic-organic hybrid structures have become innovative alternatives for next-generation dye-sensitized solar cells，because they combine the advantages of both systems. Here，we introduce a layered sandwich-type architecture，the core of which comprises a bicontinuous three-dimensional nanocomposite of mesoporous（mp）-TiO2，with CH3NH3Pbl3perovskite as light harvester，as well as a polymeric hole conductor. This platform creates new opportunities for the development of low-cost，solution-processed，high-efficiency solar cells. The use of a polymeric hole conductor，especially poly-triarylamine，substantially improves the open-circuit voltage V-oc and fill factor of the cells. Solar cells based on these inorganic-organic hybrids exhibit a short-circuit current density J（sc）of 16.5 mA cm-2，V-oc of 0.997 V and fill factor of 0.727，yielding a power conversion efficiency of 12.0% under standard AM 1.5 conditions.

Keywords： organometal halide perovskites； semiconductor quantum dots

来源出版物： Nature Photonics，2013，7（6）: 487-492联系邮箱： Gratzel，M； michael.graetzel@epfl.ch

被引频次： 200

Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic-organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells

Noh，JH； Im，SH； Heo，JH； et al.

Abstract： Chemically tuned inorganic-organic hybrid materials，based on CH3NH3（=MA）Pb（I1-xBrx）3perovskites，have been studied using UV-vis absorption and X-ray diffraction patterns and applied to nanostructured solar cells. The band gap engineering brought about by the chemical management of MAPb（I1-xBrx）3perovskites can be controllably tuned to cover almost the entire visible spectrum，enabling the realization of colorful solar cells. We demonstrate highly efficient solar cells exhibiting 12.3% in a power conversion efficiency of under standard AM 1.5，for the most efficient device，as a result of tunable composition for the light harvester in conjunction with a mesoporous TiO2film and a hole conducting polymer. We believe that the works highlighted in this paper represent one step toward the realization of low-cost，high-efficiency，and long-term stability with colorful solar cells.

Keywords： organometal halide perovskites； nanowires； crystals

来源出版物： Nano Letters，2013，13（4）: 1764-1769联系邮箱： Seok，SI； seoksi@krict.re.kr

被引频次： 196

Thin film solar cell with 8.4% power conversion efficiency using an earth-abundant Cu2ZnSnS4absorber

Shin，B； Gunawan，O； Zhu，Y； et al.

Abstract： Using vacuum process，we fabricated Cu2ZnSnS4solar cells with 8.4% efficiency，a number independently certified by an exter-nal，accredited laboratory. This is the highest efficiency reported for pure sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4prepared by any method. Consistent with literature，the optimal composition is Cu-poor and Zn-rich despite the precipitation of secondary phases（e.g.，ZnS）. Despite a very thin absorber thickness（similar to 600 nm），a reasonably good short-circuit current was obtained. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements suggest a minority carrier-diffusion length on the order of several hundreds of nanometers and relatively good collection of photo-carriers across the entire absorber thickness.

来源出版物： Progress in Photovoltaics，2013，21（1）: 72-76联系邮箱： Guha，S； guha@us.ibm.com

被引频次： 184

Sodium-Ion Batteries

Slater，MD； Kim，D； Lee，E； et al.

Abstract： The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode，electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices，although early in their stage of development，are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area，although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular，new anode materials need to be identified，since the graphite anode，commonly used in lithium systems，does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes，including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging，but a great deal of research is necessary，particularly in new electrolytes，and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g1 and a 500 mAh g1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

Keywords： rechargeable lithium batteries； electrochemical insertion； cathode material； nanocrystalline fe3o4； negative electrodes； petroleum cokes； phase-diagram； na； intercalation； carbon

来源出版物： Advanced Functional Materials，2013，23（8）: 947-958联系邮箱： Slater，MD； cjohnson@anl.gov

PHYSICS ATOMIC MOLECULAR CHEMICAL 物理，原子分子化学

被引频次： 154

Perovskites： The Emergence of a New Era for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cells

Snaith，HJ

Abstract： Over the last 12 months，we have witnessed an unexpected breakthrough and rapid evolution in the field of emerging photovoltaics，with the realization of highly efficient solid-state hybrid solar cells based on organometal trihalide perovskite absorbers. In this Perspective，the steps that have led to this discovery are discussed，and the future of this rapidly advancing concept have been considered. It is likely that the next few years of solar research will advance this technology to the very highest efficiencies while retaining the very lowest cost and embodied energy. Provided that the stability of the perovskite-based technology can be proven，we will witness the emergence of a contender for ultimately low-cost solar power.

Keywords： organometal halide perovskites； photovoltaic cells； heterojunctions； semiconductors； electrodes； deposition； 20-percent； conversion； absorbers； layer

来源出版物： Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters，2013，4（21）: 3623-3630联系邮箱： Snaith，HJ； h.snaith1@physics.ox.ac.uk

被引频次： 149

Organometal Perovskite Light Absorbers Toward a 20% Efficiency Low-Cost Solid-State Mesoscopic Solar Cell

Park，NG

Abstract： Recently，perovskite CH3NH3PbI3sensitizer has attracted great attention due to its superb light-harvesting characteristics. Organometallic or organic materials were mostly used as sensitizers for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells at early stages. Inorganic nanocrystals have lately received attention as light harvesters due to their high light-absorbing properties. Metal chalcogenides have been investigated with solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells； however，the best power conversion efficiency was reported to be around 6%. CH3NH3PbX3（X = Cl，Br，or I）perovskite sensitizer made a breakthrough in solid-state mescoscopic solar cells，where the first record efficiency of around 10% was reported in 2012 using submicrometer-thick TiO2film sensitized with CH3NH3PbI3. A rapid increase in efficiency approaching 14% followed shortly. In this Perspective，recent progress in perovskite-sensitized solid-state mesoscopic solar cells is reviewed. On the basis of the recent achievements，a power conversion efficiency as high as 20% is expected based on optimized perovskite-based solid-state solar cells.

Keywords： photovoltaic performance； mesoporous titania； halide perovskites； organic-dye； TiO2films； electrolyte； improvement； sensitizer；device； superconductivity

来源出版物： Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters，2013，4（15）: 2423-2429联系邮箱： Park，NG； npark@skku.edu

被引频次： 134

Halogen bonding and other sigma-hole interactions： a perspective

Politzer，P； Murray，JS； Clark，T

Abstract： A sigma-hole bond is a noncovalent interaction between a covalently-bonded atom of Groups IV-VII and a negative site，e.g. a lone pair of a Lewis base or an anion. It involves a region of positive electrostatic potential，labeled a sigma-hole，on the extension of one of the covalent bonds to the atom. The sigma-hole is due to the anisotropy of the atom's charge distribution. Halogen bonding is a subset of sigma-hole interactions. Their features and properties can be fully explained in terms of electrostatics and polarization plus dispersion. The strengths of the interactions generally correlate well with the magnitudes of the positive and negative electrostatic potentials of the sigma-hole and the negative site. In certain instances，however，polarizabilities must be taken into account explicitly，as the polarization of the negative site reaches a level that can be viewed as a degree of dative sharing（coordinate covalence）. In the gas phase，sigma-hole interactions with neutral bases are often thermodynamically unfavorable due to the relatively large entropy loss upon complex formation.

Keywords： enthalpy-entropy compensation； surface electrostatic potentials； weak intermolecular interactions； nonbonded atomic contacts；hydrogen-bonded dimers； crystal-structure； supramolecular complexes； directional preferences； molecular chlorine； binding constants

来源出版物： Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics，2013，15（27）: 11178-11189联系邮箱： Politzer，P； ppolitze@uno.edu

被引频次： 117

Quantum Dot Solar Cells. The Next Big Thing in Photovoltaics

Kamat，PV

Abstract： The recent surge in the utilization of semiconductor nanostructures for solar energy conversion has led to the development of high-efficiency solar cells. Some of these recent advances are in the areas of synthesis of new semiconductor materials and the ability to tune the electronic properties through size，shape，and composition and to assemble quantum dots as hybrid assemblies. In addition，processes such as hot electron injection，multiple exciton generation（MEG），plasmonic effects，and energy-transfer-coupled electron transfer are gaining momentum to overcome the efficiency limitations of energy capture and conversion. The recent advances as well as future prospects of quantum dot solar cells discussed in this perspective provide the basis for consideration as "The Next Big Thing" in photovoltaics.

Keywords： doped semiconductor nanocrystals； organometal halide perovskites； photoinduced electron-transfer； multiple exciton generation； electrophoretic deposition； carrier multiplication； zno nanowires； light energy； efficiency； dye

来源出版物： Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters，2013，4（6）: 908-918联系邮箱： Kamat，PV； pkamat@nd.edu

被引频次： 116

Halogen Bonding： An Interim Discussion

Politzer，P； Murray，JS

Abstract： Halogen bonding is a noncovalent interaction that is receiving rapidly increasing attention because of its significance in biological systems and its importance in the design of new materials in a variety of areas，for example，electronics，nonlinear optical activity，and pharmaceuticals. The interactions can be understood in terms of electrostatics/polarization and dispersion； they involve a region of positive electrostatic potential on a covalently bonded halogen and a negative site，such as the lone pair of a Lewis base. The positive potential，labeled a sigma hole，is on the extension of the covalent bond to the halogen，which accounts for the characteristic near-linearity of halogen bonding. In many instances，the lateral sides of the halogen have negative electrostatic potentials，allowing it to also interact favorably with positive sites. In this discussion，after looking at some of the experimental observations of halogen bonding，we address the origins of sigma holes，the factors that govern the magnitudes of their electrostatic potentials，and the properties of the resulting complexes with negative sites. The relationship of halogen and hydrogen bonding is examined. We also point out that sigma-hole interactions are not limited to halogens，but can also involve covalently bonded atoms of Groups IV-VI. Examples of applications in biological/medicinal chemistry and in crystal engineering are mentioned，taking note that halogen bonding can be "tuned" to fit various requirements，that is，strength of interaction，steric factors，and so forth.

Keywords： surface electrostatic potentials； charge-transfer interactions； nonbonded atomic contacts； crystal-structure； intermolecular interactions； sigma-hole； hydrogen-bonds； addition compound； ab-initio； x-ray

来源出版物： Chemphyschem，2013，14（2）: 278-294联系邮箱： Politzer，P； ppolitze@uno.edu

PHYSICS CONDENSED MATTER 凝聚态物理

被引频次： 200

Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic-organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells

Noh，JH； Im，SH； Heo，JH； et al.

Abstract： Chemically tuned inorganic-organic hybrid materials，based on CH3NH3（=MA）Pb（I1-xBrx）3perovskites，have been studied usingUV-vis absorption and X-ray diffraction patterns and applied to nanostructured solar cells. The band gap engineering brought about by the chemical management of MAPb（I1-xBrx）3perovskites can be controllably tuned to cover almost the entire visible spectrum，enabling the realization of colorful solar cells. We demonstrate highly efficient solar cells exhibiting 12.3% in a power conversion efficiency of under standard AM 1.5，for the most efficient device，as a result of tunable composition for the light harvester in conjunction with a mesoporous TiO2film and a hole conducting polymer. We believe that the works highlighted in this paper represent one step toward the realization of low-cost，high-efficiency，and long-term stability with colorful solar cells.

Keywords： organometal halide perovskites； nanowires； crystals

来源出版物： Nano Letters，2013，13（4）: 1764-1769联系邮箱： Seok，SI； seoksi@krict.re.kr

被引频次： 184

Sodium-Ion Batteries

Slater，MD； Kim，D； Lee，E； et al.

Abstract： The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode，electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices，although early in their stage of development，are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area，although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular，new anode materials need to be identified，since the graphite anode，commonly used in lithium systems，does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes，including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging，but a great deal of research is necessary，particularly in new electrolytes，and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g1 and a 500 mAh g1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

Keywords： rechargeable lithium batteries； electrochemical insertion； cathode material； nanocrystalline fe3o4； negative electrodes； petroleum cokes； phase-diagram； na； intercalation； carbon

来源出版物： Advanced Functional Materials，2013，23（8）: 947-958联系邮箱： Slater，MD； cjohnson@anl.gov

被引频次： 169

Search for Majorana Fermions in Superconductors

Beenakker，CWJ

Abstract： Majorana fermions（particles that are their own antiparticle）may or may not exist in nature as elementary building blocks，but in condensed matter they can be constructed out of electron and hole excitations. What is needed is a superconductor to hide the charge difference and a topological（Berry）phase to eliminate the energy difference from zero-point motion. A pair of widely separated Majorana fermions，bound to magnetic or electrostatic defects，has non-Abelian exchange statistics. A qubit encoded in this Majorana pair is expected to have an unusually long coherence time. I discuss strategies to detect Majorana fermions in a topological superconductor，as well as possible applications in a quantum computer. The status of the experimental search is reviewed.

Keywords： non-abelian statistics； topological insulators； wave superconductors； quantum computation； hybrid structures； bound-states；zero modes； p-wave； vortices； anyons

来源出版物： Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics，2013，4: 113-136

联系邮箱： Beenakker，CWJ； beenakker@lorentz.leidenuniv.nl

被引频次： 142

Buckled Silicene Formation on Ir（111）

Meng，L； Wang，YL； Zhang，LZ； et al.

Abstract： Silicene，a two-dimensional（2D）honeycomb structure similar to graphene，has been successfully fabricated on an Ir（111）substrate. It is characterized as a（root 7X root 7）superstructure with respect to the substrate lattice，as revealed by low energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. Such a superstructure coincides with the（root 3x root 3）superlattice of silicene. First-principles calculations confirm that this is a（root 3x root 3）silicene/（root 7X root 7）Ir（111）configuration and that it has a buckled conformation. Importantly，the calculated electron localization function shows that the silicon adlayer on the Ir（111）substrate has 2D continuity. This work provides a method to fabricate high-quality silicene and an explanation for the formation of the buckled silicene sheet.

Keywords： electron localization； nanowires； si

来源出版物： Nano Letters，2013，13（2）: 685-690联系邮箱： Wang，YL； ylwang@iphy.ac.cn

被引频次： 137

Plasma nanoscience： from nano-solids in plasmas to nano-plasmas in solids

Ostrikov，K； Neyts，EC； Meyyappan，M

Abstract： The unique plasma-specific features and physical phenomena in the organization of nanoscale soild-state systems in a broad range of elemental composition，structure，and dimensionality are critically reviewed. These effects lead to the possibility to localize and control energy and matter at nanoscales and to produce self-organized nano-solids with highly unusual and superior properties. A unifying conceptual framework based on the control of production，transport，and self-organization of precursor species is introduced and a variety of plasma-specific non-equilibrium and kinetics-driven phenomena across the many temporal and spatial scales is explained. When the plasma is localized to micrometer and nanometer dimensions，new emergent phenomena arise. The examples range from semiconducting quantum dots and nanowires，chirality control of single-walled carbon nanotubes，ultra-fine manipulation of graphenes，nano-diamond，and organic matter to nano-plasma effects and nano-plasmas of different states of matter.

Keywords： chemical-vapor-deposition； walled carbon nanotubes； low-temperature growth； inductively-coupled plasma； surface loss probabilities； metal-oxide nanowires； diamond-like carbon； warm dense matter； graphene nanoribbons； solar-cells

来源出版物： Advances in Physics，2013，62（2）: 113-224联系邮箱： Ostrikov，K； kostya.ostrikov@csiro.au

PHYSICS FLUIDS PLASMAS 物理，流体与等离子体

被引频次： 40

Coherent structures, intermittent turbulence, and dissipation in high-temperature plasmas

Karimabadi，H； Roytershteyn，V； Wan，M； et al.

Abstract： An unsolved problem in plasma turbulence is how energy is dissipated at small scales. Particle collisions are too infrequent in hot plasmas to provide the necessary dissipation. Simulations either treat the fluid scales and impose an ad hoc form of dissipation（e. g.，resistivity）or consider dissipation arising from resonant damping of small amplitude disturbances where damping rates are found to be comparable to that predicted from linear theory. Here，we report kinetic simulations that span the macroscopic fluid scales down to the motion of electrons. We find that turbulent cascade leads to generation of coherent structures in the form of current sheets that steepen to electron scales，triggering strong localized heating of the plasma. The dominant heating mechanism is due to parallel electric fields associated with the current sheets，leading to anisotropic electron and ion distributions which can be measured with NASA's upcoming Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The motion of coherent structures also generates waves that are emitted into the ambient plasma in form of highly oblique compressional and shear Alfven modes. In 3D，modes propagating at other angles can also be generated. This indicates that intermittent plasma turbulence will in general consist of both coherent structures and waves. However，the current sheet heating is found to be locally several orders of magnitude more efficient than wave damping and is sufficient to explain the observed heating rates in the solar wind.

Keywords： kelvin-helmholtz instability； solar-wind turbulence； magnetohydrodynamic turbulence； reconnection； transport； fields； fluid；power

来源出版物： Physics of Plasmas，2013，20（1）: 012303

被引频次： 37

Moving Contact Lines： Scales, Regimes, and Dynamical Transitions

Snoeijer，JH； Andreotti，B

Abstract： The speed at which a liquid can move over a solid surface is strongly limited when a three-phase contact line is present，separating wet from dry regions. When enforcing large contact line speeds，this leads to the entrainment of drops，films，or air bubbles. In this review，we discuss experimental and theoretical progress revealing the physical mechanisms behind these dynamical wetting transitions. In this context，we discuss microscopic processes that have been proposed to resolve the moving-contact line paradox and identify the different dynamical regimes of contact line motion.

Keywords： thin liquid-films； inclined plane； sliding drops； surface； angles； interface； motion； model； fluid； hydrodynamics

来源出版物： Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics，2013，45: 269-292联系邮箱： Snoeijer，JH； j.h.snoeijer@tnw.utwente.nl

被引频次： 36

Chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm optimization

Gandomi，AH； Yun，GJ； Yang，XS； et al.

Abstract： There are more than two dozen variants of particle swarm optimization（PSO）algorithms in the literature. Recently，a new variant，called accelerated PSO（APSO），shows some extra advantages in convergence for global search. In the present study，we will introduce chaos into the APSO in order to further enhance its global search ability. Firstly，detailed studies are carried out on benchmark problems with twelve different chaotic maps to find out the most efficient one. Then the chaotic APSO（CAPSO）will be compared with someother chaotic PSO algorithms presented in the literature. The performance of the CAPSO algorithm is also validated using three engineering problems. The results show that the CAPSO with an appropriate chaotic map can clearly outperform standard APSO，with very good performance in comparison with other algorithms and in application to a complex problem.

Keywords： structural optimization； global optimization； design optimization； genetic algorithms； integer； map

来源出版物： Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation，2013，18（2）: 327-340

联系邮箱： Yun，GJ； a.h.gandomi@gmail.com

被引频次： 35

Hydrodynamic mechanisms of cell and particle trapping in microfluidics

Karimi，A； Yazdi，S； Ardekani，AM

Abstract： Focusing and sorting cells and particles utilizing microfluidic phenomena have been flourishing areas of development in recent years. These processes are largely beneficial in biomedical applications and fundamental studies of cell biology as they provide cost-effective and point-of-care miniaturized diagnostic devices and rare cell enrichment techniques. Due to inherent problems of isolation methods based on the biomarkers and antigens，separation approaches exploiting physical characteristics of cells of interest，such as size，deformability，and electric and magnetic properties，have gained currency in many medical assays. Here，we present an overview of the cell/particle sorting techniques by harnessing intrinsic hydrodynamic effects in microchannels. Our emphasis is on the underlying fluid dynamical mechanisms causing cross stream migration of objects in shear and vortical flows. We also highlight the advantages and drawbacks of each method in terms of throughput，separation efficiency，and cell viability. Finally，we discuss the future research areas for extending the scope of hydrodynamic mechanisms and exploring new physical directions for microfluidic applications.

Keywords： deterministic lateral displacement； induced-charge elctroosmosis； neutrally buoyant particles； macroscopic rigid spheres； circulating tumor-cells； plane poiseuille flow； shear-flow； inertial migration； reynolds-number； viscoelastic fluids

来源出版物： Biomicrofluidics，2013，7（2）: 021501联系邮箱： Karimi，A； aardekan@nd.edu

被引频次： 32

Rogue-wave solutions of a three-component coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation

Zhao，LC； Liu，J

Abstract： We investigate rogue-wave solutions in a three-component coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation. With certain requirements on the backgrounds of components，we construct a multi-rogue-wave solution that exhibits a structure like a four-petaled flower in temporal-spatial distribution，in contrast to the eye-shaped structure in one-component or two-component systems. The results could be of interest in such diverse fields as Bose-Einstein condensates，nonlinear fibers，and superfluids.

来源出版物： Physical Review E，2013，87（1）: 013201联系邮箱： Zhao，LC； liu_jie@iapcm.ac.cn

PHYSICS MATHEMATICAL 数学物理学

被引频次： 74

CalcHEP 3.4 for collider physics within and beyond the Standard Model

Belyaev，A； Christensen，ND； Pukhov，A

Abstract： We present version 3.4 of the CalcHEP software package which is designed for effective evaluation and simulation of high energy physics collider processes at parton level.

The main features of CalcHEP are the computation of Feynman diagrams，integration over multi-particle phase space and event simulation at parton level. The principle attractive key-points along these lines are that it has:（a）an easy startup and usage even for those who are not familiar with CalcHEP and programming；（b）a friendly and convenient graphical user interface（GUI）；（c）the option for the user to easily modify a model or introduce a new model by either using the graphical interface or by using an external package with the possibility of cross checking the results in different gauges；（d）a batch interface which allows to perform very complicated and tedious calculations connecting production and decay modes for processes with many particles in the final state.

With this features set，CalcHEP can efficiently perform calculations with a high level of automation from a theory in the form of a Lagrangian down to phenomenology in the form of cross sections，parton level event simulation and various kinematical distributions.

In this paper we report on the new features of CalcHEP 3.4 which improves the power of our package to be an effective tool for the study of modern collider phenomenology.

Keywords： calculating supersymmetric spectra； electroweak symmetry-breaking； high-energy-physics； multidimensional integration； automatic-generation； helicity amplitudes； event generation； feynman-rules； relic density； higgs bosons

来源出版物： Computer Physics Communications，2013，184（7）: 1729-1769联系邮箱： Belyaev，A； a.belyaev@soton.ac.uk

被引频次： 49

Constraining conformal field theories with a higher spin symmetry

Maldacena，J； Zhiboedov，A

Abstract： We study the constraints imposed by the existence of a single higher spin conserved current on a three-dimensional conformal field theory（CFT）. A single higher spin conserved current implies the existence of an infinite number of higher spin conserved currents. The correlation functions of the stress tensor and the conserved currents are then shown to be equal to those of a free field theory. Namely a theory of N free bosons or free fermions. This is an extension of the Coleman-Mandula theorem to CFT's，which do not have a conventional S-matrix. We also briefly discuss the case where the higher spin symmetries are 'slightly' broken.

Keywords： s-matrix； models

来源出版物： Journal of Physics A-Mathematical and Theoretical，2013，46（21）: 214011联系邮箱： Maldacena，J； malda@ias.edu

被引频次： 46

Using DelPhi Capabilities to Mimic Protein's Conformational Reorganization with Amino Acid Specific Dielectric Constants

Wang，L； Zhang，Z； Rocchia，W； et al.

Abstract： Many molecular events are associated with small or large conformational changes occurring in the corresponding proteins. Modeling such changes is a challenge and requires significant amount of computing time. From point of view of electrostatics，these changes can be viewed as a reorganization of local charges and dipoles in response to the changes of the electrostatic field，if the cause is insertion or deletion of a charged amino acid. Here we report a large scale investigation of modeling the changes of the folding energy due to single mutations involving charged group. This allows the changes of the folding energy to be considered mostly electrostatics in origin and to be calculated with DelPhi assigning residue-specific value of the internal dielectric constant of protein. The predicted energy changes are benchmarked against experimentally measured changes of the folding energy on a set of 257 single mutations. The best fit between experimental values and predicted changes is used to find out the effective value of the internal dielectric constant for each type of amino acid. The predicted folding free energy changes with the optimal，amino acid specific，dielectric constants are within RMSD=0.86 kcal/mol from experimentally measured changes.

Keywords： molecular-dynamics simulations； poisson-boltzmann equation； electrostatic interactions； continuum electrostatics；ph-dependence； solvent model； free-energies； stability； binding； explicit

来源出版物： Communications in Computational Physics，2013，13（1）: 13-30联系邮箱： Alexov，E； lwang3@clemson.edu

被引频次： 40

Minimal model holography

Gaberdiel，MR； Gopakumar，R

Abstract： We review the duality relating 2D W-N minimal model conformal field theories，in a large-N 't Hooft like limit，to higher spin gravitational theories on AdS（3）.

Keywords： massless higher spins； quantum-field theory； w-algebras； virasoro algebras； coset models； realization； symmetry； infinity；gravity； classification

来源出版物： Journal of Physics A-Mathematical and Theoretical，2013，46（21）: 214002

联系邮箱： Gaberdiel，MR； gaberdiel@itp.phys.ethz.ch

被引频次： 40

New developments in evolutionary structure prediction algorithm USPEX

Lyakhov，AO； Oganov，AR； Stokes，HT； et al.

Abstract： We present new developments of the evolutionary algorithm USPEX for crystal structure prediction and its adaptation to cluster structure prediction. We show how to generate randomly symmetric structures，and how to introduce 'smart' variation operators，learning about preferable local environments. These and other developments substantially improve the efficiency of the algorithm and allow reliable prediction of structures with up to similar to 200 atoms in the unit cell. We show that an advanced version of the Particle Swarm Optimization（PSO）can be created on the basis of our method，but PSO is strongly outperformed by USPEX. We also show how ideas from metadynamics can be used in the context of evolutionary structure prediction for escaping from local minima. Our cluster structure prediction algorithm，using the ideas initially developed for crystals，also shows excellent performance and outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms.

Keywords： crystal-structure prediction； lennard-jones clusters； genetic algorithms； geometry optimization； global optimization； minimum；systems； search； phases

来源出版物： Computer Physics Communications，2013，184（4）: 1172-1182联系邮箱： Lyakhov，AO； andriy.lyakhov@gmail.com

PHYSICS MULTIDISCIPLINARY综合物理

被引频次： 202

Detection of B-Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales by BICEP2

Ade，PAR； Aikin，RW； Barkats，D； et al.

Abstract： We report results from the BICEP2 experiment，a cosmic microwave background（CMB）polarimeter specifically designed to search for the signal of inflationary gravitational waves in the B-mode power spectrum around l similar to 80. The telescope comprised a 26 cm aperture all-cold refracting optical system equipped with a focal plane of 512 antenna coupled transition edge sensor 150 GHz bolometers each with temperature sensitivity of approximate to 300 mu K-CMB root s. BICEP2 observed from the South Pole for three seasons from 2010 to 2012. A low-foreground region of sky with an effective area of 380 square deg was observed to a depth of 87 nK deg in Stokes Q and U. In this paper we describe the observations，data reduction，maps，simulations，and results. We find an excess of B-mode power over the base lensed-ACDM expectation in the range 30 ＜ l ＜ 150，inconsistent with the null hypothesis at a significance of ＞ 5 sigma. Through jackknife tests and simulations based on detailed calibration measurements we show that systematic contamination is much smaller than the observed excess. Cross correlating against WMAP 23 GHz maps we find that Galactic synchrotron makes a negligible contribution to the observed signal. We also examine a number of available models of polarized dust emission and find that at their default parameter values they predict power similar to（5-10）x smaller than the observed excess signal（with no significant cross-correlation with our maps）. However，these models are not sufficiently constrained by external public data to exclude the possibility of dust emission bright enough to explain the entire excess signal. Cross correlating BICEP2 against 100 GHz maps from the BICEP1 experiment，the excess signal is confirmed with 3 sigma significance and its spectral index is found to be consistent with that of the CMB，disfavoring dust at 1.7 sigma. The observed B-mode power spectrum is well fit by a lensed-ACDM + tensor theoretical model with tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.20（-0.05）（+0.07），with r = 0 disfavored at 7.0 sigma. Accounting for the contribution of foreground，dust will shift this value downward by an amount which will be better constrained with upcoming data sets.

Keywords： microwave background polarization； probe wmap observations； inflationary universe scenario； spt-sz survey； power spectra；symmetry-breaking； phase-transition； cmb polarimetry； gravity-waves； anisotropy

来源出版物： Physical Review Letters，2014，112（24）: 241101联系邮箱： Ade，PAR； jmkovac@cfa.harvard.edu

被引频次： 165

First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station： Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5-350 GeV

Aguilar，M； Alberti，G； Alpat，B； et al.

Abstract： A precision measurement by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV based on 6.8 x 10（6）positron and electron events is presented. The very accurate data show that the positron fraction is steadily increasing from 10 to similar to 250 GeV，but，from 20 to 250 GeV，the slope decreases by an order of magnitude. The positron fraction spectrum shows no fine structure，and the positron to electron ratio shows no observable anisotropy. Together，these features show the existence of new physical phenomena.

Keywords： ams rich detector； time-of-flight； fast trigger； identification； prototype； electrons； earth； trd

来源出版物： Physical Review Letters，2013，110（14）: 141102

被引频次： 165

First Evidence for the Decay B-s（0）-＞ mu（+）mu（-）

Aaij，R； Beteta，CA； Adametz，A； et al.

Abstract： A search for the rare decays B-s（0）-＞ mu（+）mu（-）and B-s（0）-＞ mu（+）mu-is performed with data collected in 2011 and 2012 with the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The data samples comprise 1.1 fb（-1）of proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV and 1.0 fb（-1）at root s = 7 TeV. We observe an excess of B-s（0）-＞ mu（+）mu-candidates with respect to the background expectation. The probability that the background could produce such an excess or larger is 5.3×10-4corresponding to a signal significance of 3.5 standard deviations. A maximum-likelihood fit gives a branching fraction of B（B-s（0）-＞ mu（+）mu（-））=（3.2（-1.2）（+1.5））×10-9，where the statistical uncertainty is 95% of the total uncertainty. This result is in agreement with the standard model expectation. The observed number of B-s（0）-＞ mu（+）mu-candidates is consistent with the background expectation，giving an upper limit of B（B-s（0）-＞ mu（+）mu（-））＜ 9.4 x 10-10at 95% confidence level.

来源出版物： Physical Review Letters，2013，110（2）: 021801

被引频次： 153

First Results from the LUX Dark Matter Experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility

Akerib，DS； Araujo，HM； Bai，X； et al.

Abstract： The Large Underground Xenon（LUX）experiment is a dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility（Lead，South Dakota）. The LUX cryostat was filled for the first time in the underground laboratory in February 2013. We report results of the first WIMP search data set，taken during the period from April to August 2013，presenting the analysis of 85.3 live days of data with a fiducial volume of 118 kg. A profile-likelihood analysis technique shows our data to be consistent with the background-only hypothesis，allowing 90% confidence limits to be set on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering with a minimum upper limit on the cross section of 7.6×10-46cm2at a WIMP mass of 33 GeV= c（2）. We find that the LUX data are in disagreement with low-mass WIMP signal interpretations of the results from several recent direct detection experiments.

Keywords： large-scale structure； search； xenon； candidates

来源出版物： Physical Review Letters，2014，112（9）: 091303联系邮箱： Edwards，B； blair.edwards@yale.edu

被引频次： 132

Quantum fluids of light

Carusotto，I； Ciuti，C

Abstract： This article reviews recent theoretical and experimental advances in the fundamental understanding and active control of quantum fluids of light in nonlinear optical systems. In the presence of effective photon-photon interactions induced by the optical nonlinearity of the medium，a many-photon system can behave collectively as a quantum fluid with a number of novel features stemming from its intrinsically nonequilibrium nature. A rich variety of recently observed photon hydrodynamical effects is presented，from the superfluid flow around a defect at low speeds，to the appearance of a Mach-Cherenkov cone in a supersonic flow，to the hydrodynamic formation of topological excitations such as quantized vortices and dark solitons at the surface of large impenetrable obstacles. While the review is mostly focused on a specific class of semiconductor systems that have been extensively studied in recent years（planar semiconductor microcavities in the strong light-matter coupling regime having cavity polaritons as elementary excitations），the very concept of quantum fluids of light applies to a broad spectrum of systems，ranging from bulk nonlinear crystals，to atomic clouds embedded in optical fibers and cavities，to photonic crystal cavities，to superconducting quantum circuits based on Josephson junctions. The conclusive part of the article is devoted to a review of the future perspectives in the direction of strongly correlated photon gases and of artificial gauge fields for photons. In particular，several mechanisms to obtain efficient photon blockade are presented，together with their application to the generation of novel quantum phases.

Keywords： bose-einstein condensation； optical parametric oscillator； strongly interacting photons； electromagnetically induced transparency； nonlinear schrodinger-equation； microcavity exciton-polaritons； gross-pitaevskii equation； ginzburg-landau equation；tonks-girardeau gas； fabry-perot cavity

来源出版物： Reviews of Modern Physics，2013，85（1）联系邮箱： Carusotto，I； carusott@science.unitn.it

PHYSICS NUCLEAR核物理

被引频次： 80

Improved measurement of electron antineutrino disappearance at Daya Bay

An，FP； An，Q； Bai，JZ； et al.

Abstract： We report an improved measurement of the neutrino mixing angle theta（13）from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. We exclude a zero value for sin（2）2 theta（13）with a significance of 7.7 standard deviations. Electron antineutrinos from six reactors of 2.9 GW（th）were detected in six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near（flux-weighted baselines of 470 m and 576 m）and one far（1648 m）underground experimental halls. Using 139 days of data，28909（205308）electron antineutrino candidates were detected at the far hall（near halls）. The ratio of the observed to the expected number of antineutrinos assuming no oscillations at the far hall is 0.944±0.007（stat.）±0.003（syst.）. An analysis of the relative rates in six detectors finds sin（2）2 theta（13）= 0.089±0.010（stat.）±0.005（syst.）in a three-neutrino framework.

Keywords： loaded liquid scintillator； reactor neutrino experiment； theta（13）； spectra

来源出版物： Chinese Physics C，2013，37（1）: 011001

被引频次： 58

Collective Flow and Viscosity in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Heinz，U； Snellings，R

Abstract： We review collective flow，its anisotropies，and its event-to-event fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions，as well as the extraction of the specific shear viscosity of quark-gluon plasma from collective flow data collected in heavy-ion collision experiments atRHIC and the LHC. We emphasize the similarities between the Big Bang of our universe and the Little Bangs created in heavy-ion collisions.

Keywords： quark-gluon plasma； pb-pb collisions； nucleus-nucleus collisions； qcd phase-transition； chemical freeze-out； elliptic flow； hydrodynamical description； root-s（nn）=2.76 tev； anisotropic flow； bulk viscosity

来源出版物： Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science，2013，63: 123-151

联系邮箱： Heinz，U； heinz@mps.ohio-state.edu

被引频次： 51

Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii： An update

Angeli，I； Marinova，KP

Abstract： The present table contains experimental root-mean-square（rms）nuclear charge radii R obtained by combined analysis of two types of experimental data:（i）radii changes determined from optical and，to a lesser extent，K-alpha X-ray isotope shifts and（ii）absolute radii measured by muonic spectra and electronic scattering experiments. The table combines the results of two working groups，using respectively two different methods of evaluation，published in ADNDT earlier. It presents an updated set of rms charge radii for 909 isotopes of 92 elements from H-1 to Cm-96 together，when available，with the radii changes from optical isotope shifts. Compared with the last published tables of R-values from 2004（799 ground states），many new data are added due to progress recently achieved by laser spectroscopy up to early 2011. The radii changes in isotopic chains for He，Li，Be，Ne，Sc，Mn，Y，Nb，Bi have been first obtained in the last years and several isotopic sequences have been recently extended to regions far off stability，（e.g.，Ar，Mo，Sn，Te，Pb，Po）.

Keywords： isotope shifts； proton； scattering

来源出版物： Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables，2013，99（1）: 69-95联系邮箱： Marinova，KP； marinova@nrmail.jinr.ru

被引频次： 45

Nuclear matrix elements for double-beta decay

Barea，J； Kotila，J； Iachello，F

Abstract： Background: Direct determination of the neutrino mass through double-beta decay is at the present time one of the most important areas of experimental and theoretical research in nuclear and particle physics.

Purpose: We calculate nuclear matrix elements for the extraction of the average neutrino mass in neutrinoless double-beta decay.

Methods: The microscopic interacting boson model（IBM-2）is used.

Results: Nuclear matrix elements in the closure approximation are calculated for Ca-48，Ge-76，Se-82，Zr-96，Mo-100，Pd-110，Cd-116，Sn-124，Te-128，Te-130，Nd-148，Nd-150，Sm-154，Gd-160，and Pt-198 decay.

Conclusions: Realistic predictions for the expected half-lives in neutrinoless double-beta decay with light and heavy neutrino exchange in terms of neutrino masses are made and limits are set from current experiments.

Keywords： interacting boson model； vector coupling-constant； state dominance hypothesis； 0-nu-beta-beta decay； weak-interaction；shell-model； isotopes； proton； renormalization； approximation

来源出版物： Physical Review C，2013，87（1）: 014315联系邮箱： Barea，J； jbarea@udec.cl

被引频次： 44

Hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions

Gale，C； Jeon，S； Schenke，B

Abstract： We review progress in the hydrodynamic description of heavy-ion collisions，focusing on recent developments in modeling the fluctuating initial state and event-by-event viscous hydrodynamic simulations. We discuss how hydrodynamics can be used to extract information on fundamental properties of quantum chromodynamics from experimental data，and review successes and challenges of the hydrodynamic framework.

Keywords： quark-gluon plasma； transient relativistic thermodynamics； nucleus-nucleus collisions； equation-of-state； high-density qcd；elliptic flow； transport-coefficients； kinetic-theory； lattice qcd； thermalization

来源出版物： International Journal of Modern Physics A，2013，28（11）: 1340011联系邮箱： Gale，C； bschenke@quark.phy.bnl.gov

PHYSICS PARTICLES FIELDS 物理，粒子和场

被引频次： 101

Parton distributions with LHC data

Ball，RD； Bertone，V； Carrazza，S； et al.

Abstract： We present the first determination of parton distributions of the nucleon at NLO and NNLO based on a global data set which includes LHC data: NNPDF2.3. Our data set includes，besides the deep inelastic，Drell-Yan，gauge boson production and jet data already used in previous global PDF determinations，all the relevant LHC data for which experimental systematic uncertainties are currently avail-able: ATLAS and LHCb W and Z rapidity distributions from the 2010 run，CMS W electron asymmetry data from the 2011 run，and ATLAS inclusive jet cross-sections from the 2010 run. We introduce an improved implementation of the FastKernel method which allows us to fit to this extended data set，and also to adopt a more effective minimization methodology. We present the NNPDF2.3 PDF sets，and compare them to the NNPDF2.1 sets to assess the impact of the LHC data. We find that all the LHC data are broadly consistent with each other and with all the older data sets included in the fit. We present predictions for various standard candle cross-sections. and compare them to those obtained previously using NNPDF2.1. and specifically discuss the impact of ATLAS electroweak data on the determination of the strangeness fraction of the proton. We also present collider PDF sets，constructed using only data from HERA. the Tevatron and the LHC. but find that this data set is neither precise nor complete enough for a competitive PDF determination.

Keywords： deep-inelastic scattering； d-asterisk（+/-）meson production； deuteron structure functions； high statistics measurement； production cross-section； w lepton asymmetry； root-s=7 tev； precision determination； muon scattering； pp collisions

来源出版物： Nuclear Physics B，2013，867（2）: 244-289联系邮箱： Forte，S； forte@mi.infn.it

被引频次： 80

Improved measurement of electron antineutrino disappearance at Daya Bay

An，FP； An，Q； Bai，JZ； et al.

Abstract： We report an improved measurement of the neutrino mixing angle theta（13）from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. We exclude a zero value for sin（2）2 theta（13）with a significance of 7.7 standard deviations. Electron antineutrinos from six reactors of 2.9 GW（th）were detected in six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near（flux-weighted baselines of 470 m and 576 m）and one far（1648 m）underground experimental halls. Using 139 days of data，28909（205308）electron antineutrino candidates were detected at the far hall（near halls）. The ratio of the observed to the expected number of antineutrinos assuming no oscillations at the far hall is 0.944±0.007（stat.）±0.003（syst.）. An analysis of the relative rates in six detectors finds sin（2）2 theta（13）= 0.089±0.010（stat.）±0.005（syst.）in a three-neutrino framework.

Keywords： loaded liquid scintillator； reactor neutrino experiment； theta（13）； spectra

来源出版物： Chinese Physics C，2013，37（1）: 011001

被引频次： 75

Performance of the LHCb RICH detector at the LHC

Adinolfi，M； Rinella，GA； Albrecht，E； et al.

Abstract： The LHCb experiment has been taking data at the Large Hadron Collider（LHC）at CERN since the end of 2009. One of its key detector components is the Ring-Imaging Cherenkov（RICH）system. This provides charged particle identification over a wide momentum range，from 2-100 GeV/c. The operation and control，software，and online monitoring of the RICH system are described. The particle identification performance is presented，as measured using data from the LHC. Excellent separation of hadronic particle types（pi，K，p）is achieved.

Keywords： simulation

来源出版物： European Physical Journal C，2013，73（5）: 2431联系邮箱： Adinolfi，M； Clara.Matteuzzi@cern.ch

被引频次： 69

Updated global analysis of Higgs couplings

Ellis，J； You，T

Abstract： There are many indirect and direct experimental indications that the new particle H discovered by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations has spin zero and（mostly）positive parity，and that its couplings to other particles are correlated with their masses. To a high degree of confidence，it is a Higgs boson，and here we examine the extent to which its couplings resemble those of the single Higgs boson of the Standard Model. Our global analysis of its couplings to fermions and massive bosons determines that they have the same relative sign as in the Standard Model. We also show directly that these couplings are highly consistent with a dependence on particle masses that is linear to within a few %，and scaled by the conventional electroweak symmetry-breaking scale to within 10%. We also give constraints on loop-induced couplings，on the total Higgs decay width，and on possible invisible decays of the Higgs boson under various assumptions.

Keywords： massless particles； standard model； boson； lhc

来源出版物： Journal of High Energy Physics，2013，（6）: 103联系邮箱： Ellis，J； john.ellis@cern.ch

被引频次： 64

Cosmology and Fundamental Physics with the Euclid Satellite

Amendola，L； Appleby，S； Bacon，D； et al.

Abstract： Euclid is a European Space Agency medium-class mission selected for launch in 2019 within the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 pro-gram. The main goal of Euclid is to understand the origin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Euclid will explore the expansion history of the universe and the evolution of cosmic structures by measuring shapes and red-shifts of galaxies as well as the distribution of clusters of galaxies over a large fraction of the sky.

Although the main driver for Euclid is the nature of dark energy，Euclid science covers a vast range of topics，from cosmology to galaxy evolution to planetary research. In this review we focus on cosmology and fundamental physics，with a strong emphasis on science beyond the current standard models. We discuss five broad topics: dark energy and modified gravity，dark matter，initial conditions，basic assumptions and questions of methodology in the data analysis.

This review has been planned and carried out within Euclid's Theory Working Group and is meant to provide a guide to the scientific themes that will underlie the activity of the group during the preparation of the Euclid mission.

Keywords： microwave-anisotropy-probe； cold dark-matter； primordial non-gaussianity； large-scale structure； equation-of-state； future redshift surveys； n-body simulations； nonlinear structure formation； 3-point correlation-function； generalized chaplygin-gas

来源出版物： Living Reviews in Relativity，2013，16: 6

PHYSIOLOGY 生理学

被引频次： 118

On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK

Galano，A； Tan，DX； Reiter，RJ

Abstract： The reactions of N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine（AFMK）and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine（AMK）with center dot OH，center dot OOH，and center dot OOCCl3 radicals have been studied using the density functional theory. Three mechanisms of reaction have been considered: radical adduct formation（RAF），hydrogen transfer（HT），and single electron transfer（SET）. Their relative importance for the free radical scavenging activity of AFMK and AMK has been assessed. It was found that AFMK and AMK react with center dot OH at diffusion-limited rates，regardless of the polarity of the environment，which supports their excellent center dot OH radical scavenging activity. Both compounds were found to be also very efficient for scavenging center dot OOCCl3，but rather ineffective for scavenging center dot OOH. Regarding their relative activity，it was found that AFMK systematically is a poorer scavenger than AMK and melatonin. In aqueous solution，AMK was found to react faster than melatonin with all the studied free radicals，while in nonpolar environments，the relative efficiency of AMK and melatonin as free radical scavengers depends on the radical with which they are reacting. Under such conditions，melatonin is predicted to be a better center dot OOH and center dot OOCCl3 scavenger than AMK，while AMK is predicted to be slightly better than melatonin for scavenging center dot OH. Accordingly it seems that melatonin and its metabolite AMK constitute an efficient team of scavengers able of deactivating a wide variety of reactive oxygen species，under different conditions. Thus，the presented results support the continuous protection exerted by melatonin，through the free radical scavenging cascade.

Keywords： reactive oxygen； in-vitro； antioxidative protection； density functionals； electron-transfer； brain metabolite； biogenic-amines；n-1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine； oxidation； dna

来源出版物： Journal of Pineal Research，2013，54（3）: 245-257联系邮箱： Galano，A； agal@xanum.uam.mx

被引频次： 100

Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity： An update

Tchernof，A； Despres，JP

Abstract： Excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation，often termed visceral obesity，is part of a phenotype including dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and ectopic triglyceride storage closely related to clustering cardiometabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia； increased free fatty acid availability； adipose tissue release of proinflammatory cytokines； liver insulin resistance and inflammation； increased liver VLDL synthesis and secretion； reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins； presence of small，dense LDL particles； and reduced HDL cholesterol levels are among the many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition. Age，gender，genetics，and ethnicity are broad etiological factors contributing to variation in visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Specific mechanisms responsible for proportionally increased visceral fat storage when facing positive energy balance and weight gain may involve sex hormones，local cortisol production in abdominal adipose tissues，endocannabinoids，growth hormone，and dietary fructose. Physiological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissues such as adipocyte size and number，lipolytic responsiveness，lipid storage capacity，and inflammatory cytokine production are significant correlates and even possible determinants of the increased cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones，estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women，and testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient men have been shown to favorably modulate body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk to various degrees. However，some of these therapies must now be considered in the context of their serious side effects. Lifestyle interventions leading to weight loss generally induce preferential mobilization of visceral fat. In clinical practice，measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.

Keywords： body-fat distribution； human adipose-tissue； coronary-heart-disease； 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1； hor-mone-binding globulin； lipoprotein-lipase activity； metabolic risk-factors； global cardiometabolic risk； insulin-resistance syndrome； messenger-ribonucleic-acid

来源出版物： Physiological Reviews，2013，93（1）: 359-404联系邮箱： Despres，JP； jean-pierre.despres@criucpq.ulaval.ca

被引频次： 92

Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer

Campisi，J

Abstract： For most species，aging promotes a host of degenerative pathologies that are characterized by debilitating losses of tissue or cellular function. However，especially among vertebrates，aging also promotes hyperplastic pathologies，the most deadly of which is cancer. In contrast to the loss of function that characterizes degenerating cells and tissues，malignant（cancerous）cells must acquire new（albeit aberrant）functions that allow them to develop into a lethal tumor. This review discusses the idea that，despite seemingly opposite characteristics，the degenerative and hyperplastic pathologies of aging are at least partly linked by a common biological phenomenon: a cellular stress response known as cellular senescence. The senescence response is widely recognized as a potent tumor suppressive mechanism. However，recent evidence strengthens the idea that it also drives both degenerative and hyperplastic pathologies，most likely by promoting chronic inflammation. Thus，the senescence response may be the result of antagonistically pleiotropic gene action.

Keywords： dna-damage-response； oncogene-induced senescence； inflammatory cytokine secretion； stress-induced senescence； primary human fibroblasts； double-strand breaks； in-vivo； replicative senescence； premature senescence； tumor suppression

来源出版物： Annual Review of Physiology，2013，75: 685-705联系邮箱： Campisi，J； jcampisi@buckinstitute.org

被引频次： 81

A review of the molecular aspects of melatonin's anti-inflammatory actions： recent insights and new perspectives

Mauriz，JL； Collado，PS； Veneroso，C； et al.

Abstract： Melatonin is a highly evolutionary conserved endogenous molecule that is mainly produced by the pineal gland，but also by other nonendocrine organs，of most mammals including man. In the recent years，a variety of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have been observed when melatonin is applied exogenously under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. A number of studies suggest that this indole may exert its anti-inflammatory effects through the regulation of different molecular pathways. It has been documented that melatonin inhibits the expression of the isoforms of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase and limits the production of excessive amounts of nitric oxide，prostanoids，and leukotrienes，as well as other mediators of the inflammatory process such as cytokines，chemokines，and adhesion molecules. Melatonin's anti-inflammatory effects are related to the modulation of a number of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B，hypoxia-inducible factor，nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2，and others. Melatonin's effects on the DNA-binding capacity of transcription factors may be regulated through the inhibition of protein kinases involved in signal transduction，such as mitogen-activated protein kinases. This review summarizes recent research data focusing on the modulation of the expression of different inflammatory mediators by melatonin and the effects on cell signaling pathways responsible for the indole's anti-inflammatory activity. Although there are a numerous published reports that have analyzed melatonin's anti-inflammatory properties，further studies are necessary to elucidate its complex regulatory mechanisms in different cellular types and tissues.

Keywords： nf-kappa-b； nitric-oxide synthase； cell-adhesion molecule-1； intracellular signaling pathways； erythroid 2-related factor-2； nuclear factor-kappab； c-reactive protein； fulminant hepatic-failure； induced gastric-lesions； human endothelial-cells

来源出版物： Journal of Pineal Research，2013，54（1）: 1-14联系邮箱： Gonzalez-Gallego，J； jgonga@unileon.es

被引频次： 72

REGULATION OF SMALL GTPases BY GEFs, GAPs, AND GDIs

Cherfils，J； Zeghouf，M

Abstract： Cherfils J，Zeghouf M. Regulation of Small GTPases by GEFs，GAPs，and GDIs. Physiol Rev 93: 269-309，2013；doi:10.1152/physrev.00003.2012.-Small GTPases use GDP/GTP alternation to actuate a variety of functional switches that are pivotal for cell dynamics. The GTPase switch is turned on by GEFs，which stimulate dissociation of the tightly bound GDP，and turned off by GAPs，which accelerate the intrinsically sluggish hydrolysis of GTP. For Ras，Rho，and Rab GTPases，this switch incorporates a membrane/cytosol alternation regulated by GDIs and GDI-like proteins. The structures and core mechanisms of representative members of small GTPase regulators from most families have now been elucidated，illuminating their general traits combined with scores of unique features. Recent studies reveal that small GTPase regulators have themselves unexpectedly sophisticated regulatory mechanisms，by which they process cellular signals and build up specific cell responses. These mechanisms include multilayered autoinhibition with stepwise release，feedback loops mediated by the activated GTPase，feed-forward signaling flow between regulators and effectors，and a phosphorylation code for RhoGDIs. The flipside of these highly integrated functions is that they make small GTPase regulators susceptible to biochemical abnormalities that are directly correlated with diseases，notably a striking number of missense mutations in congenital diseases，and susceptible tobacterial mimics of GEFs，GAPs，and GDIs that take command of small GTPases in infections. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of these many facets of small GTPase regulation.

Keywords： guanine-nucleotide-exchange； gdp-dissociation inhibitor； GTP-binding proteins； ras activator son； chromosome condensation rcc1； pleckstrin-homology domains； linked mental-retardation； transition-state analog； aarskog-scott-syndrome； of-function mutations

来源出版物： Physiological Reviews，2013，93（1）: 269-309联系邮箱： Cherfils，J； cherfils@lebs.cnrs-gif.fr

PLANT SCIENCES 植物科学

被引频次： 79

Jasmonates： biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany

Wasternack，C； Hause，B

Abstract： Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents，the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified，providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development.

The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates，on jasmonate perception and signalling，on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens，in symbiotic interactions，in flower development，in root growth and in light perception.

The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN（JAZ）proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors，and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now，the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.

Keywords： allene-oxide-cyclase； systemic acquired-resistance； fungus piriformospora-indica； tobacco transcription factors； regulate alkaloid biosynthesis； salicylic-acid accumulation； arabidopsis jaz proteins； long-distance transport； jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine； artemisia-annua l

来源出版物： Annals of Botany，2013，111（6）: 1021-1058联系邮箱： Wasternack，C； cwastern@ipb-halle.de

被引频次： 59

Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases Enable Efficient Plant Genome Engineering

Zhang，Y； Zhang，F； Li，XH； et al.

Abstract： The ability to precisely engineer plant genomes offers much potential for advancing basic and applied plant biology. Here，we describe methods for the targeted modification of plant genomes using transcription activator-like effector nucleases（TALENs）. Methods were optimized using tobacco（Nicotiana tabacum）protoplasts and TALENs targeting the acetolactate synthase（ALS）gene. Optimal TALEN scaffolds were identified using a protoplast-based single-strand annealing assay in which TALEN cleavage creates a functional yellow fluorescent protein gene，enabling quantification of TALEN activity by flow cytometry. Single-strand annealing activity data for TALENs with different scaffolds correlated highly with their activity at endogenous targets，as measured by high-throughput DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products encompassing the TALEN recognition sites. TALENs introduced targeted mutations in ALS in 30% of transformed cells，and the frequencies of targeted gene insertion approximated 14%. These efficiencies made it possible to recover genome modifications without selection or enrichment regimes: 32% of tobacco calli generated from protoplasts transformed with TALEN-encoding constructs had TALEN-induced mutations in ALS，and of 16 calli characterized in detail，all had mutations in one allele each of the duplicate ALS genes（SurA and SurB）. In calli derived from cells treated with a TALEN and a 322-bp donor molecule differing by 6 bp from the ALS coding sequence，4% showed evidence of targeted gene replacement. The optimized reagents implemented in plant protoplasts should be useful for targeted modification of cells from diverse plant species and using a variety of means for reagent delivery.

Keywords： zinc-finger nucleases； double-strand breaks； homologous recombination； tal effectors； proteins； protoplasts； expression； disease；design； system

来源出版物： Plant Physiology，2013，161（1）: 20-27联系邮箱： Voytas，DF； voytas@umn.edu

被引频次： 57

Systemic Acquired Resistance： Turning Local Infection into Global Defense

Fu，ZQ； Dong，XN

Abstract： Systemic acquired resistance（SAR）is an induced immune mechanism in plants. Unlike vertebrate adaptive immunity，SAR is broad spectrum，with no specificity to the initial infection. An avirulent pathogen causing local programmed cell death can induce SAR through generation of mobile signals，accumulation of the defense hormone salicylic acid，and secretion of the antimicrobial PR（pathoge-nesis-related）proteins. Consequently，the rest of the plant is protected from secondary infection for a period of weeks to months. SAR can even be passed on to progeny through epigenetic regulation. The Arabidopsis NPR1（non-expresser of PR genes 1）protein is a master regulator of SAR. Recent study has shown that salicylic acid directly binds to the NPR1 adaptor proteins NPR3 and NPR4，regulates their interactions with NPR1，and controls NPR1 protein stability. However，how NPR1 interacts with TGA transcription factors to activate defense gene expression is still not well understood. In addition，redox regulators，the mediator complex，WRKY transcription factors，endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins，and DNA repair proteins play critical roles in SAR.

Keywords： RNA-polymerase-ii； wrky transcription factors； plant immune-responses； conjugates amino-acids； tobacco-mosaic-virus；DNA-binding activity； PR gene-expression； salicylic-acid； disease resistance； arabidopsis-thaliana

来源出版物： Annual Review of Plant Biology，2013，64: 839-863联系邮箱： Fu，ZQ； xdong@duke.edu

被引频次： 55

Structure and Functions of the Bacterial Microbiota of Plants

Bulgarelli，D； Schlaeppi，K； Spaepen，S； et al.

Abstract： Plants host distinct bacterial communities on and inside various plant organs，of which those associated with roots and the leaf surface are best characterized. The phylogenetic composition of these communities is defined by relatively few bacterial phyla，including Actinobacteria，Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes，and Proteobacteria. A synthesis of available data suggests a two-step selection process by which the bacterial microbiota of roots is differentiated from the surrounding soil biome. Rhizode-position appears to fuel an initial substrate-driven community shift in the rhizosphere，which converges with host genotype-dependent fine-tuning of microbiota profiles in the selection of root endophyte assemblages. Substrate-driven selection also underlies the establishment of phyllosphere communities but takes place solely at the immediate leaf surface. Both the leaf and root microbiota contain bacteria that provide indirect pathogen protection，but root microbiota members appear to serve additional host functions through the acquisition of nutrients from soil for plant growth. Thus，the plant microbiota emerges as a fundamental trait that includes mutualism enabled through diverse biochemical mechanisms，as revealed by studies on plant growth-promoting and plant health-promoting bacteria.

Keywords： pattern-recognition receptors； induced systemic resistance； different potato cultivars； arabidopsis-thaliana root； growth- promoting bacteria； quorum-sensing signals； azospirillum-brasilense； pseudomonas-syringae； pyrosequencing reveals； rhizosphere microbiome

来源出版物： Annual Review of Plant Biology，2013，64: 807-838联系邮箱： Bulgarelli，D； schlef@mpipz.mpg.de

被引频次： 55

Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements： Facts and fiction

van der Ent，A； Baker，AJM； Reeves，RD； et al.

Abstract： Plants that accumulate metal and metalloid trace elements to extraordinarily high concentrations in their living biomass have inspired much research worldwide during the last decades. Hyperaccumulators have been recorded and experimentally confirmed for elements such as nickel，zinc，cadmium，manganese，arsenic and selenium. However，to date，hyperaccumulation of lead，copper，cobalt，chromium and thallium remain largely unconfirmed. Recent uses of the term in relation to rare-earth elements require critical evaluation.

Since the mid-1970s the term 'hyperaccumulator' has been used millions of times by thousands of people，with varying degrees of precision，aptness and understanding that have not always corresponded with the views of the originators of the terminology and of the present authors. There is therefore a need to clarify the circumstances in which the term 'hyperaccumulator' is appropriate and to set out the conditions that should be met when the terms are used. We outline here the main considerations for establishing metal or metalloid hyperaccumulation status of plants，（re）define some of the terminology and note potential pitfalls.

Unambiguous communication will require the international scientific community to adopt standard terminology and methods for confirming the reliability of analytical data in relation to metal and metalloid hyperaccumulators.

Keywords： rare-earth-elements； thlaspi-caerulescens； arabidopsis-halleri； new-caledonia； cadmium hyperaccumulator； manganese accumulation； nickel accumulation； hyper-accumulator； ultramafic soils； genetic-basis

来源出版物： Plant and Soil，2013，362（1-2）: 319-334联系邮箱： van der Ent，A； a.vanderent@uq.edu.au

POLYMER SCIENCE 高分子科学

被引频次： 132

Roll-to-Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials

Sondergaard，RR； Hosel，M； Krebs，FC

Abstract： With the prospect of extremely fast manufacture of very low cost devices，organic electronics prepared by thin film processing techniques that are compatible with roll-to-roll（R2R）methods are presently receiving an increasing interest. Several technologies using organic thin films are at the point，where transfer from the laboratory to a more production-oriented environment is within reach. In this review，we aim at giving an overview of some of the R2R-compatible techniques that can be used in such a transfer，as well the currentstatus of R2R application within some of the existing research fields such as organic photovoltaics，organic thin film transistors，light-emitting diodes，polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells，and electrochromic devices.

Keywords： polymer solar-cells； field-effect transistors； light-emitting devices； electro-spray deposition； printed polymer； matrix displays；fully gravure； ito-free； layers； pedot/pss

来源出版物： Journal of Polymer Science Part B-polymer Physics，2013，51（1）: 16-34联系邮箱： Krebs，FC； frkr@dtu.dk

被引频次： 128

Nitroxide-mediated polymerization

Nicolas，J； Guillaneuf，Y； Lefay，C； et al.

Abstract： Nitroxide-mediated polymerization（NMP）is a controlled/living radical polymerization（CLRP）technique that enables the design of well-defined，functional and complex macromolecular architectures. This comprehensive review covers all aspects，features and achievements of NMP，from its discovery to 2012. All topics related to NMP are thoroughly discussed and detailed in-depth: synthetic approaches to nitroxides and alkoxyamines，kinetic aspects and polymerization features，range of controllable monomers，polymer characterization，polymerization processes（ionic liquids，dispersed media，etc.），macromolecular coupling approaches，functionalization strategies，macromolecular architectures，bio-related and hybrid materials，industrial applications as well as environmental constraints.

Keywords： free-radical polymerization； n-butyl acrylate； supercritical carbon-dioxide； c-on bond； ring-opening polymerization； amphiphilic block-copolymers； styrene miniemulsion polymerization； paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy； spin capturing polymerization；fragmentation chain transfer

来源出版物： Progress in Polymer Science，2013，38（1）: 63-235联系邮箱： Nicolas，J； julien.nicolas@u-psud.fr

被引频次： 72

Poly（ionic liquid）s： An update

Yuan，JY； Mecerreyes，D； Antonietti，M

Abstract： This review presents a literature survey of recent work on poly（ionic liquid）s or polymerized ionic liquids（PILs），a class of polyelectrolytes that has attracted rapidly increasing interest over the past few years. The review begins with a short explanation of the interconnection as well as the intrinsic differences between PILs and ionic liquids. Recently reported PIL homopolymers with new chemical structures and synthetic trends are introduced as a complement to the overall PIL synthesis schemes reported previously. In addition，block copolymers and colloidal particles of PILs are described，followed by a discussion of the limitations of PILs due to structural instability under certain conditions and the efforts to understand PIL physics. Examples of recent applications of PILs across a multitude of fields，such as thermoresponsive materials，carbon materials，catalysis，porous polymers，separation and absorption materials，and energy harvesting/generation as well as several biological applications are described in detail.

Keywords： polymeric ionic liquid； solid-phase microextraction； gas separation performance； anion-exchange membranes； sensitized solarcells； one-step synthesis； mediated radical polymerization； critical solution temperature； aba triblock copolymers； stationary phases

来源出版物： Progress in Polymer Science，2013，38（7）: 1009-1036联系邮箱： Yuan，JY； Jiayin.yuan@mpikg.mpg.de

被引频次： 69

Design and development of polymeric micelles with cleavable links for intracellular drug delivery

Wei，H； Zhuo，RX； Zhang，XZ

Abstract： Driven by the urgent need in practical applications of stimuli-responsive nano-carriers for intracellular drug delivery，the design and development of advanced polymeric micelles capable of responding to the intracellular environment（e.g.，ions，proteins，enzymes，and pH changes）has represented a promising strategy as well as a new task in this research field during the past decade. To this end，an effective approach has been to incorporate cleavable links into the polymer structure，either to cause a structural change of the delivery systems，or to direct conjugate drug molecules which could be released on the cleavage of the links. The current review highlights the recent advance in this field and focuses on two types of polymeric micelles that can respond to the physiological signals，i.e.，intracellular pH- and reduction-sensitive micelles.

Keywords： block-copolymer micelles； ph-responsive polymers； gene delivery； supramolecular assemblies； biodegradable micelles； nanosized assemblies； cancer-chemotherapy； sensitive disulfide； poly（ortho esters）； triblock copolymer

来源出版物： Progress in Polymer Science，2013，38（3-4）: 503-535联系邮箱： Zhang，XZ； xz-zhang@whu.edu.cn

被引频次： 65

Synthesis of 5H-Dithieno［3,2-b：2 ',3 '-d］pyran as an Electron-Rich Building Block for Donor-Acceptor Type Low-Bandgap Polymers

Dou，LT； Chen，CC； Yoshimura，K； et al.

Abstract： We describe the detailed synthesis and characterization of an electron-rich building block，dithienopyran（DTP），and its applica-tion as a donor unit in low-bandgap conjugated polymers. The electron donating property of the DTP unit was found to be the strongest among the most frequently used donor units such as benzodithiophene（BDT）or cyclopentadithiophene（CPDT）units. When the DTP unit was polymerized with the strongly electron deficient difluorobenzothiadiazole（DFBT）unit，a regiorandom polymer Wavelentgh（am）（PDTP-DFBT，bandgap =1.38 eV）was obtained. For comparison with the DTP unit，polymers containing alternating benzodithiophene（BDT）or cyclopentadithiophene（CPDT），units and the DEBT unit were synthesized（PBDT-DFBT and PCPDT-DFBT）. We found that the DTP based polymer PDTP-DFBT shows significantly improved solubility and processability compared to the BDT or CPDT based polymers. Consequently，very high molecular weight and soluble PDTP-DFBT can be obtained with less bulky side chains. Interestingly，PDTP-DFBT shows excellent performance in bulk-heterojunction solar cells with power conversion efficiencies reaching 8.0%，which is significantly higher than PBDT-DFBT and PCPDT-DFBT based devices. This study demonstrates that DTP is a promising building block for high-performance solar cell materials.

Keywords： heterojunction solar-cells； power conversion efficiency； open-circuit voltage； high-performance； photovoltaic applications；conjugated polymers； tandem polymer； copolymer； polythiophenes； transport

来源出版物： Macromolecules，2013，46（9）: 3384-3390联系邮箱： Yoshimura，K； yoshimurak2@sc.sumitomo-chem.co.jp

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE 初级卫生保健

被引频次： 33

Long-Term Psychosocial Consequences of False-Positive Screening Mammography

Brodersen，J； Siersma，VD

Abstract： PURPOSE Cancer screening programs have the potential of intended beneficial effects，but they also inevitably have unintended harmful effects. In the case of screening mammography，the most frequent harm is a false-positive result. Prior efforts to measure their psychosocial consequences have been limited by short-term follow-up，the use of generic survey instruments，and the lack of a relevant benchmark-women with breast cancer.

METHODS In this cohort study with a 3-year follow-up，we recruited 454 women with abnormal findings in screening mammography over a 1-year period. For each woman with an abnormal finding on a screening mammogram（false and true positives），we recruited another 2 women with normal screening results who were screened the same day at the same clinic. These participants were asked to complete the Consequences of Screening in Breast Cancer-a validated questionnaire encompassing 12 psychosocial outcomes-at baseline，1，6，18，and 36 months.

RESULTS Six months after final diagnosis，women with false-positive findings reported changes in existential values and inner calmness as great as those reported by women with a diagnosis of breast cancer（Delta =1.15； P =0.015； and Delta =0.13； P =0.423，respectively）. Three years after being declared free of cancer，women with false-positive results consistently reported greater negative psychosocial consequences compared with women who had normal findings in all 12 psychosocial outcomes（Delta ＞ 0 for 12 of 12 outcomes； P＜0.01 for 4 of 12 outcomes）.

CONCLUSION False-positive findings on screening mammography causes long-term psychosocial harm: 3 years after a false-positive finding，women experience psychosocial consequences that range between those experienced by women with a normal mammogram and those with a diagnosis of breast cancer.

Keywords： breast-cancer； cumulative risk； recall； women； program； outcomes； questionnaire； denmark； model

来源出版物： Annals of Family Medicine，2013，11（2）: 106-115联系邮箱： Brodersen，J； john.brodersen@sund.ku.dk

被引频次： 19

In Search of Joy in Practice： A Report of 23 High-Functioning Primary Care Practices

Sinsky，CA； Willard-Grace，R； Schutzbank，AM； et al.

Abstract： We highlight primary care innovations gathered from high-functioning primary care practices，innovations we believe can facilitate joy in practice and mitigate physician burnout. To do so，we made site visits to 23 high-performing primary care practices and focused on how these practices distribute functions among the team，use technology to their advantage，improve outcomes with data，and make the job of primary care feasible and enjoyable as a life's vocation. Innovations identified include（1）proactive planned care，with previsit planning and previsit laboratory tests；（2）sharing clinical care among a team，with expanded rooming protocols，standing orders，and panel management；（3）sharing clerical tasks with collaborative documentation（scribing），nonphysician order entry，and streamlined prescription management；（4）improving communication by verbal messaging and in-box management； and（5）improving team functioning through co-location，team meetings，and work flow mapping. Our observations suggest that a shift from a physician-centric model of work distribution and responsibility to a shared-care model，with a higher level of clinical support staff per physician and frequent forums for communication，can result in high-functioning teams，improved professional satisfaction，and greater joy in practice.

Keywords： internal-medicine； patient； physicians； us； satisfaction； burnout； teams； dissatisfaction； students； provide

来源出版物： Annals of Family Medicine，2013，11（3）: 272-278联系邮箱： Sinsky，CA； csinsky1@mahealthcare.com

被引频次： 13

Association of Depression With Increased Risk of Severe Hypoglycemic Episodes in Patients With Diabetes

Katon，WJ； Young，BA； Russo，J； et al.

Abstract： PURPOSE Although psychosocial and clinical factors have been found to be associated with hypoglycemic episodes in patients with diabetes，few studies have examined the association of depression with severe hypoglycemic episodes. This study examined the prospective association of depression with risk of hypoglycemic episodes requiring either an emergency department visit or hospitalization.

METHODS In a longitudinal cohort study，a sample of 4117 patients with diabetes enrolled between 2000 and 2002 were observed from 2005 to 2007. Meeting major depression criteria on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was the exposure of interest，and the outcome of interest was an International Classification of Disease，Ninth Revision code for a hypoglycemic episode requiring an emergency department visit or hospitalization. Proportional hazard models were used to analyze the association of baseline depression and risk of one or more severe hypoglycemic episodes. Poisson regression was used to determine whether depression status was associated with the number of hypoglycemic episodes.

RESULTS After adjusting for sociodemographic，clinical measures of diabetes severity，non-diabetes-related medical comorbidity，prior hypoglycemic episodes，and health risk behaviors，depressed compared with nondepressed patients who had diabetes had a significantly higher risk of a severe hypoglycemic episode（hazard ratio =1.42，95% CI，1.03-1.96）and a greater number of hypoglycemic episodes（odds ratio =1.34，95% CI，1.03-1.74）.

CONCLUSION Depression was significantly associated with time to first severe hypoglycemic episode and number of hypoglycemic episodes. Research assessing whether recognition and effective treatment of depression among persons with diabetes prevents severe hypoglycemic episodes is needed.

Keywords： prospective cohort； self-care； type-2； complications； insulin； sulfonylureas； mortality； dementia； mellitus； adults

来源出版物： Annals of Family Medicine，2013，11（3）: 245-250联系邮箱： Katon，WJ； wkaton@u.washington.edu

被引频次： 13

A new approach to grading and treating COPD based on clinical phenotypes： summary of the Spanish COPD guidelines（GesEPOC）

Miravitlles，M； Soler-Cataluna，JJ； Calle，M； et al.

Abstract： After the development of the COPD Strategy of the National Health Service in Spain，all scientific societies，patient organisations，and central and regional governments formed a partnership to enhance care and research in COPD. At the same time，the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery（SEPAR）took the initiative to convene the various scientific societies involved in the National COPD Strategy and invited them to participate in the development of the new Spanish guidelines for COPD（Guia Espanola de la EPOC； GesEPOC）. Probably the more innovative approach of GesEPOC is to base treatment of stable COPD on clinical phenotypes，a term which has become increasingly used in recent years to refer to the different clinical forms of COPD with different prognostic implications. The proposed phenotypes are:（A）infrequent exacerbators with either chronic bronchitis or emphysema；（B）overlap COPD-asthma；（C）frequent exacerbators with emphysema predominant； and（D）frequent exacerbators with chronic bronchitis predominant. The assessment of severity has also been updated with the incorporation of multidimensional indices. The severity of the obstruction，as measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second，is essential but not sufficient. Multidimensional indices such as the BODE index have shown excellent prognostic value. If the 6-minute walking test is not performed routinely，its substitution by the frequency of exacerbations（BODEx index）provides similar prognostic properties. This proposal aims to achieve a more personalised management of COPD according to the clinical characteristics and multidimensional assessment of severity.

Keywords： obstructive pulmonary-disease； overlap phenotype； risk-factors； asthma； exacerbations； index； cough

来源出版物： Primary Care Respiratory Journal，2013，22（1）: 117-121联系邮箱： Miravitlles，M； marcm@separ.es

被引频次： 13

Impact of Peer Health Coaching on Glycemic Control in Low-Income Patients With Diabetes：A Randomized Controlled Trial

Thom，DH； Ghorob，A； Hessler，D； et al.

Abstract： PURPOSE Peer health coaches offer a potential model for extending the capacity of primary care practices to provide self-management support for patients with diabetes. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test whether clinic-based peer health coaching，compared with usual care，improves glycemic control for low-income patients who have poorly controlled diabetes.

METHOD We undertook a randomized controlled trial enrolling patients from 6 public health clinics in San Francisco. Twenty-three patients with a glycated hemoglobin（HbA（1C））level of less than 8.5%，who completed a 36-hour health coach training class，acted as peer coaches. Patients from the same clinics with HbA（1C）levels of 8.0% or more were recruited and randomized to receive health coaching（n = 148）or usual care（n = 151）. The primary outcome was the difference in change in HbA（1C）levels at 6 months. Secondary outcomeswere proportion of patients with a decrease in HbA（1C）level of 1.0% or more and proportion of patients with an HbA（1C）level of less than 7.5% at 6 months. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model with and without adjustment for differences in baseline variables.

RESULTS At 6 months，HbA（1C）levels had decreased by 1.07% in the coached group and 0.3% in the usual care group，a difference of 0.77% in favor of coaching（P=0.01，adjusted）. HbA（1C）levels decreased 1.0% or more in 49.6% of coached patients vs 31.5% of usual care patients（P=0.001，adjusted），and levels at 6 months were less than 7.5% for 22.0% of coached vs 14.9% of usual care patients（P=0.04，adjusted）.

CONCLUSIONS Peer health coaching significantly improved diabetes control in this group of low-income primary care patients.

Keywords： self-management program； cost-effectiveness； african-americans； project dulce； primary-care； support； intervention； education

来源出版物： Annals of Family Medicine，2013，11（2）: 137-144联系邮箱： Thom，DH； dthom@fcm.ucsf.edu

PSYCHIATRY 精神病学

被引频次： 97

The Psychosis High-Risk State A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review

Fusar-Poli，P； Borgwardt，S； Bechdolf，A； et al.

Abstract： Context: During the past 2 decades，a major transition in the clinical characterization of psychotic disorders has occurred. The construct of a clinical high-risk（HR）state for psychosis has evolved to capture the prepsychotic phase，describing people presenting with potentially prodromal symptoms. The importance of this HR state has been increasingly recognized to such an extent that a new syndrome is being considered as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5.

Objective: To reframe the HR state in a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the progress that has been made while also recognizing the challenges that remain.

Data Sources: Available HR research of the past 20 years from PubMed，books，meetings，abstracts，and international conferences.

Study Selection and Data Extraction: Critical review of HR studies addressing historical development，inclusion criteria，epidemiologic research，transition criteria，outcomes，clinical and functional characteristics，neurocognition，neuroimaging，predictors of psychosis development，treatment trials，socioeconomic aspects，nosography，and future challenges in the field.

Data Synthesis: Relevant articles retrieved in the literature search were discussed by a large group of leading worldwide experts in the field. The core results are presented after consensus and are summarized in illustrative tables and figures.

Conclusions: The relatively new field of HR research in psychosis is exciting. It has the potential to shed light on the development of major psychotic disorders and to alter their course. It also provides a rationale for service provision to those in need of help who could not previously access it and the possibility of changing trajectories for those with vulnerability to psychotic illnesses.

Keywords： ultra-high-risk； randomized controlled-trial； clinical high-risk； magnetic-resonance spectroscopy； base-line characteristics；initial prodromal phase； 1st episode psychosis； at-risk； 1st-episode psychosis； mental state

来源出版物： Jama Psychiatry，2013，70（1）: 107-120联系邮箱： Fusar-Poli，P； p.fusar@libero.it

被引频次： 92

DSM-5 Field Trials in the United States and Canada, Part II： Test-Retest Reliability of Selected Categorical Diagnoses

Regier，DA； Narrow，WE； Clarke，DE； et al.

Abstract： Objective: The DSM-5 Field Trials were designed to obtain precise（standard error ＜0.1）estimates of the intraclass kappa as a measure of the degree to which two clinicians could independently agree on the presence or absence of selected DSM-5 diagnoses when the same patient was interviewed on separate occasions，in clinical settings，and evaluated with usual clinical interview methods.

Method: Eleven academic centers in the United States and Canada were selected，and each was assigned several target diagnoses frequently treated in that setting. Consecutive patients visiting a site during the study were screened and stratified on the basis of DSM-IV diagnoses or symptomatic presentations. Patients were randomly assigned to two clinicians for a diagnostic interview； clinicians were blind to any previous diagnosis. All data were entered directly via an Internet-based software system to a secure central server. Detailed research design and statistical methods are presented in an accompanying article.

Results: There were a total of 15 adult and eight child/adolescent diagnoses for which adequate sample sizes were obtained to report adequately precise estimates of the intraclass kappa. Overall，five diagnoses were in the very good range（kappa=0.60-0.79），nine in the good range（kappa=0.40-0.59），six in the questionable range（kappa=0.20-0.39），and three in the unacceptable range（kappa values ＜ 0.20）. Eight diagnoses had insufficient sample sizes to generate precise kappa estimates at any site.

Conclusions: Most diagnoses adequately tested had good to very good reliability with these representative clinical populations assessed with usual clinical interview methods. Some diagnoses that were revised to encompass a broader spectrum of symptom expression or had a more dimensional approach tested in the good to very good range.

Keywords： collaborative program； behavioral-disorders； mental-disorders； mood disorders； validity； criteria； depression； anxiety； classifi-cation； psychobiology

来源出版物： American Journal of Psychiatry，2013，170（1）: 59-70联系邮箱： Regier，DA； dregier@psych.org

被引频次： 87

Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments（CANMAT）and International Society for Bipolar Disorders（ISBD）collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder： update 2013

Yatham，LN； Kennedy，SH； Parikh，SV； et al.

Abstract： Yatham LN，Kennedy SH，Parikh SV，Schaffer A，Beaulieu S，Alda M，ODonovan C，MacQueen G，McIntyre RS，Sharma V，Ravindran A，Young LT，Milev R，Bond DJ，Frey BN，Goldstein BI，Lafer B，Birmaher B，Ha K，Nolen WA，Berk M. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments（CANMAT）and International Society for Bipolar Disorders（ISBD）collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013. Bipolar Disord 2012: 00: 000000.（C）2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments published guidelines for the management of bipolar disorder in 2005，with updates in 2007 and 2009. This third update，in conjunction with the International Society for Bipolar Disorders，reviews new evidence and is designed to be used in conjunction with the previous publications.The recommendations for the management of acute mania remain largely unchanged. Lithium，valproate，and several atypical antipsychotic agents continue to be first-line treatments for acute mania. Monotherapy with asenapine，paliperidone extended release（ER），and divalproex ER，as well as adjunctive asenapine，have been added as first-line options.For the management of bipolar depression，lithium，lamotrigine，and quetiapine monotherapy，as well as olanzapine plus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor（SSRI），and lithium or divalproex plus SSRI/bupropion remain first-line options. Lurasidone monotherapy and the combination of lurasidone or lamotrigine plus lithium or divalproex have been added as a second-line options. Ziprasidone alone or as adjunctive therapy，and adjunctive levetiracetam have been added as not-recommended options for the treatment of bipolar depression. Lithium，lamotrigine，valproate，olanzapine，quetiapine，aripiprazole，risperidone long-acting injection，and adjunctive ziprasidone continue to be first-line options for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Asenapine alone or as adjunctive therapy have been added as third-line options.

Keywords： placebo-controlled trial； randomized controlled-trial； open-label trial； paliperidone extended-release； attention

deficit/hyperactivity disorder； cognitive-behavioral therapy； long-term treatment； double-blind trial； post-hoc analysis； major congenitalmalformations

来源出版物： Bipolar Disorders，2013，15（1）: 1-44联系邮箱： Yatham，LN； yatham@interchange.ubc.ca

被引频次： 76

Nonpharmacological Interventions for ADHD： Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials of Dietary and Psychological Treatments

Sonuga-Barke，EJS； Brandeis，D； Cortese，S； et al.

Abstract： Objective: Nonpharmacological treatments are available for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD），although their efficacy remains uncertain. The authors undertook meta-analyses of the efficacy of dietary（restricted elimination diets，artificial food color exclusions，and free fatty acid supplementation）and psychological（cognitive training，neurofeedback，and behavioral interventions）ADHD treatments.

Method: Using a common systematic search and a rigorous coding and data extraction strategy across domains，the authors searched electronic databases to identify published randomized controlled trials that involved individuals who were diagnosed with ADHD（or who met a validated cutoff on a recognized rating scale）and that included an ADHD outcome.

Results: Fifty-four of the 2904 nonduplicate screened records were included in the analyses. Two different analyses were performed. When the outcome measure was based on ADHD assessments by raters closest to the therapeutic setting，all dietary（standardized mean differences=0.21-0.48）and psychological（standardized mean differences=0.40-0.64）treatments produced statistically significant effects: However，when the best probably blinded assessment was employed，effects remained significant for free fatty acid supplementation（standardized mean difference=0.16）and artificial food color exclusion（standardized mean difference=0.42）but were substantially attenuated to nonsignificant levels for other treatments.

Conclusions: Free fatty acid supplementation produced small but significant reductions in ADHD symptoms even with probably blinded assessments，although the clinical significance of these effects remains to be determined. Artificial food color exclusion produced larger effects but often in individuals selected for food sensitivities. Better evidence for efficacy from blinded assessments is required for behavioral interventions，neurofeedback，cognitive training，and restricted elimination diets before they can be supported as treatments for core ADHD symptoms.

Keywords： attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder； deficit hyperactivity disorder； placebo-controlled trial； positive parenting program；double-blind； fatty-acids； hyperkinetic disorder； food-additives； clinical-trial； follow-up

来源出版物： American Journal of Psychiatry，2013，170（3）: 275-289联系邮箱： Sonuga-Barke，EJS； ejb3@soton.ac.uk

被引频次： 72

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonist Infliximab for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Raison，CL； Rutherford，RE； Woolwine，BJ； et al.

Abstract： Context: Increased concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers predict antidepressant nonresponse，and inflammatory cytokines can sabotage and circumvent themechanisms of action of conventional antidepressants.

Objectives: To determine whether inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor（TNF）reduces depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression and whether an increase in baseline plasma inflammatory biomarkers，including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein（hs-CRP），TNF，and its soluble receptors，predicts treatment response.

Design: Double-blind，placebo-controlled，randomized clinical trial.

Setting: Outpatient infusion center at Emory University in Atlanta，Georgia.

Participants: A total of 60 medically stable outpatients with major depression who were either on a consistent antidepressant regimen（n = 37）or medication-free（n = 23）for 4 weeks or more and who were moderately resistant to treatment as determined by the Massachusetts General Hospital Staging method.

Interventions: Three infusions of the TNF antagonist infliximab（5 mg/kg）（n =30）or placebo（n =30）at baseline and weeks 2 and 6 of a 12-week trial.

Main Outcome Measures: The 17-item Hamilton Scale for Depression（HAM-D）scores.

Results: No overall difference in change of HAM-D scores between treatment groups across time was found. However，there was a significant interaction between treatment，time，and log baseline hs-CRP concentration（P=0.01），with change in HAM-D scores（baseline to week 12）favoring infliximab-treated patients at a baseline hs-CRP concentration greater than 5 mg/L and favoring placebo- treated patients at a baseline hs-CRP concentration of 5 mg/L or less. Exploratory analyses focusing on patients with a baseline hs-CRP concentration greater than 5 mg/L revealed a treatment response（≥50% reduction in HAM-D score at any point during treatment）of 62%（8 of 13 patients）in infliximab-treated patients vs 33%（3 of 9 patients）in placebo-treated patients（P=0.19）. Baseline concentrations of TNF and its soluble receptors were significantly higher in infliximab-treated responders vs nonresponders（P ＜0.05），and infliximab-treated responders exhibited significantly greater decreases in hs-CRP from baseline to week 12 compared with placebo-treated responders（P ＜0.01）. Dropouts and adverse events were limited and did not differ between groups.

Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study suggests that TNF antagonism does not have generalized efficacy in treatment-resistant depression but may improve depressive symptoms in patients with high baseline inflammatory biomarkers.

Keywords： asterisk-d report； major depression； serotonin transporters； childhood maltreatment； treatment response； crohns-disease； inflammation； activation； metaanalysis； cytokines

来源出版物： Jama Psychiatry，2013，70（1）: 31-41联系邮箱： Miller，AH； amill02@emory.edu

PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED应用心理学

被引频次： 12

Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression

Wood，B； Rea，MS； Plitnick，B； et al.

Abstract： Exposure to light from self-luminous displays may be linked to increased risk for sleep disorders because these devices emit optical radiation at short wavelengths，close to the peak sensitivity of melatonin suppression. Thirteen participants experienced three experimental conditions in a within-subjects design to investigate the impact of self-luminous tablet displays on nocturnal melatonin suppression: 1）tablets-only set to the highest brightness，2）tablets viewed through clear-lens goggles equipped with blue light-emitting diodes that provided 40 lux of 470 nm light at the cornea，and 3）tablets viewed through orange-tinted glasses（dark control； optical radiation ＜525 nm approximate to 0）. Melatonin suppressions after 1-h and 2-h exposures to tablets viewed with the blue light were significantly greater than zero. Suppression levels after 1-h exposure to the tablets-only were not statistically different than zero: however，this difference reached significance after 2 h. Based on these results，display manufacturers can determine how their products will affect melatonin levels and，use model predictions to tune the spectral power distribution of self-luminous devices to increase or to decrease stimulation to the circadian system.

来源出版物： Applied Ergonomics，2013，44（2）: 237-240联系邮箱： Figueiro，MG； woodb5@rpi.edu

被引频次： 11

Spontaneous and experimentally induced action planning and coping planning for physical activity： A meta-analysis

Carraro，N； Gaudreau，P

Abstract： Objectives: The main objective of this review was to provide summary effects for spontaneous and experimentally induced ac-tion planning（AP）and coping planning（CP）for physical activity（PA）. These summary effects were then used to test key theoretical postulates using meta-analytic path analysis，and examine possible boundary conditions via moderation analyses.

Design: This review employed a quantitative research synthesis design.

Method: Using the method of Lipsey and Wilson（2001），fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis was performed on over 150 effect sizes from 23 correlational and 21 experimental studies. The method of Viswesvaran and Ones（1995）was used to test two mediation models using the correlational meta-analytic data. Group comparisons and meta-regression were used to test moderation.

Results: Among the correlational studies，findings indicated a medium-to-large summary effect of spontaneous AP（phi =0.41）and CP（phi =0.38）on PA. Among the experimental studies，results revealed a small-to-medium summary effect（phi =0.24）when comparing all experimental conditions versus all controls and a medium-to-large summary effect（phi =0.37）when comparing purely planning conditions versus neutral controls. Support was found for AP and CP as partial mediators in the relation between intention and PA. Numerous significant moderators emerged.

Conclusion: This review offers the first meta-analytic estimates of both spontaneous and experimentally induced AP and CP for PA，while supporting the role of both spontaneous AP and CP as mediators in both a multiple and sequential mediation model. Relevant moderators will serve to inform future research in this area.

Keywords： randomized controlled-trial； spinal-cord-injury； implementation intentions； cardiac rehabilitation； activity questionnaire；self-efficacy； exercise behavior； promote exercise； health behaviors； personal goals

来源出版物： Psychology of Sport and Exercise，2013，14（2）: 228-248联系邮箱： Carraro，N； ncarr033@uottawa.ca

被引频次： 11

Do Team and Individual Debriefs Enhance Performance？ A Meta-Analysis

Tannenbaum，SI； Cerasoli，CP

Abstract： Objective: Debriefs（or "after-action reviews"）are increasingly used in training and work environments as a means of learning from experience. We sought to unify a fragmented literature and assess the efficacy of debriefs with a quantitative review.

Background: Used by the U. S. Army to improve performance for decades，and increasingly in medical，aviation，and other communities，debriefs systematize reflection，discussion，and goal setting to promote experiential learning. Unfortunately，research and theory on debriefing has been spread across diverse disciplines，so it has been difficult to definitively ascertain debriefing effectiveness and how to enhance its effectiveness.

Method: We conducted an extensive quantitative meta-analysis across a diverse body of published and unpublished research on team-and individual-level debriefs.

Results: Findings from 46 samples（N =2136）indicate that on average，debriefs improve effectiveness over a control group by approximately 25%（d=0.67）. Average effect sizes were similar for teams and individuals，across simulated and real settings，for within- or between-group control designs，and for medical and nonmedical samples. Meta-analytic methods revealed a bolstering effect of alignment and the potential impact of facilitation and structure.

Conclusion: Organizations can improve individual and team performance by approximately 20% to 25% by using properly conducted debriefs.

Application: Debriefs are a relatively inexpensive and quick intervention for enhancing performance. Our results lend support for continued and expanded use of debriefing in training and in situ. To gain maximum results，it is important to ensure alignment between participants，focus and intent，and level of measurement.

Keywords： after-event reviews； moderating role； failed experience； cardiac-arrest； effects models； mental models； simulation； feedback；instruction； tests

来源出版物： Human Factors，2013，55（1）: 231-245联系邮箱： Tannenbaum，SI； scott.tannenbaum@groupoe.com

被引频次： 10

Physical Education Teacher Effectiveness in a Public Health Context

McKenzie，TL； Lounsbery，MAF

Abstract： The health benefits of physical activity are well documented，and the important role that schools and physical education（PE）can play in reducing sedentary behavior and contributing to population health has been identified. Although effective teaching is ultimately judged by student achievement，a major component of teacher and school effectiveness studies has been student engagement. Thus，in PE，it is important to assess the teaching and learning processes related to expected outcomes，including what students and teachers do and how lessons are delivered. Within a public health context，it is then important to assess how teachers provide students with ample health-enhancing physical activity to help them become physically fit and to learn generalizable movement and behavioral skills designed to promote physical activity and fitness outside of class time. In this article，we emphasize that the future of PE in our nation's schools will depend on the ability of schools to provide programs that are perceived to be of importance to the public； moreover，we believe that thefuture of PE rests on the effectiveness of PE teachers to operate within a public health context. In addition，we also provide a summary of teacher effectiveness research within a public health context and offer visions for the future assessment and evaluation of PE teacher effectiveness that move beyond the PE lesson to include components of the comprehensive school physical activity model.

Keywords： environmental-influences； lesson context； children； childhood； schools； interventions； perspective； adolescents； competence；curriculum

来源出版物： Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport，2013，84（4）: 419-430联系邮箱： McKenzie，TL； tmckenzie@sdsu.edu

被引频次： 10

Measuring Teacher Effectiveness in Physical Education

Rink，JE

Abstract： This article summarizes the research base on teacher effectiveness in physical education from a historical perspective and explores the implications of the recent emphasis on student performance and teacher observation systems to evaluate teachers for physical education. The problems and the potential positive effects of using student performance scores as well as establishing a comprehensive evaluation program are explored with supportive evidence that some level of accountability is necessary in our field to make significant change.

Keywords： assessment program； achievement； instruction； skill； performance； motivation； students； unit

来源出版物： Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport，2013，84（4）: 407-418联系邮箱： Rink，JE； JRink@mailbox.sc.edu

PSYCHOLOGY BIOLOGICAL 生物心理学

被引频次： 104

Whatever next？ Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science

Clark，A

Abstract： Brains，it has recently been argued，are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming sensory inputs with top-down expectations or predictions. This is achieved using a hierarchical generative model that aims to minimize prediction error within a bidirectional cascade of cortical processing. Such accounts offer a unifying model of perception and action，illuminate the functional role of attention，and may neatly capture the special contribution of cortical processing to adaptive success. This target article critically examines this "hierarchical prediction machine" approach，concluding that it offers the best clue yet to the shape of a unified science of mind and action. Sections 1 and 2 lay out the key elements and implications of the approach. Section 3 explores a variety of pitfalls and challenges，spanning the evidential，the methodological，and the more properly conceptual. The paper ends（sections 4 and 5）by asking how such approaches might impact our more general vision of mind，experience，and agency.

来源出版物： Behavioral and Brain Sciences，2013，36（3）: 181-204联系邮箱： Clark，A； andy.clark@ed.ac.uk

被引频次： 46

Toward a second-person neuroscience

Schilbach，L； Timmermans，B； Reddy，V； et al.

Abstract： In spite of the remarkable progress made in the burgeoning field of social neuroscience，the neural mechanisms that underlie social encounters are only beginning to be studied and could - paradoxically - be seen as representing the "dark matter" of social neuroscience. Recent conceptual and empirical developments consistently indicate the need for investigations that allow the study of real-time social encounters in a truly interactive manner. This suggestion is based on the premise that social cognition is fundamentally different when we are in interaction with others rather than merely observing them. In this article，we outline the theoretical conception of a second-person approach to other minds and review evidence from neuroimaging，psychophysiological studies，and related fields to argue for the development of a second-person neuroscience，which will help neuroscience to really "go social"； this may also be relevant for our understanding of psychiatric disorders construed as disorders of social cognition.

Keywords： mirror neuron system； social cognitive neuroscience； cortical midline structures； radical plasticity thesis； medial prefrontal cortex； high-functioning autism； joint attention； facial expression； eye contact； coordination dynamics

来源出版物： Behavioral and Brain Sciences，2013，36（4）: 393-414联系邮箱： Schilbach，L； leonhard.schilbach@uk-koeln.de

被引频次： 42

Brain mechanisms for emotional influences on perception and attention： What is magic and what is not

Pourtois，G； Schettino，A； Vuilleumier，P

Abstract： The rapid and efficient selection of emotionally salient or goal-relevant stimuli in the environment is crucial for flexible and adaptive behaviors. Converging data from neuroscience and psychology have accrued during the last decade to identify brain systems in-volved in emotion processing，selective attention，and their interaction，which together act to extract the emotional or motivational value of sensory events and respond appropriately. An important hub in these systems is the amygdala，which may not only monitor the emotional value of stimuli，but also readily project to several other areas and send feedback to sensory pathways（including striate and extrastriate visual cortex）. This system generates saliency signals that modulate perceptual，motor，as well as memory processes，and thus in turn regulate behavior appropriately. Here，we review our current views on the function and properties of these brain systems，with an emphasis on their involvement in the rapid and/or preferential processing of threat-relevant stimuli. We suggest that emotion signals may enhance processing efficiency and competitive strength of emotionally significant events through gain control mechanisms similar to those of other（e.g. endogenous）attentional systems，but mediated by distinct neural mechanisms in amygdala and interconnected prefrontal areas. Alterations in these brain mechanisms might be associated with psychopathological conditions，such as anxiety or phobia. We conclude that attention selection and awareness are determined by multiple attention gain control systems that may operate in parallel and use different sensory cues but act on a common perceptual pathway.

Keywords： event-related potentials； primary visual-cortex； fearful facial expressions； depth-recorded potentials； inferior temporal cortex；non-conscious perception； threat-related stimuli； top-down facilitation； fusiform face area； selective attention

来源出版物： Biological Psychology，2013，92（3）: 492-512联系邮箱： Pourtois，G； gilles.pourtois@ugent.be

被引频次： 28

The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone：A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies

del Paso，GAR； Langewitz，W； Mulder，LJM； et al.

Abstract： This article evaluates the suitability of low frequency（LF）heart rate variability（HRV）as an index of sympathetic cardiac control and the LF/high frequency（HF）ratio as an index of autonomic balance. It includes a comprehensive literature review and a reanalysis of some previous studies on autonomic cardiovascular regulation. The following sources of evidence are addressed: effects of manipulations affecting sympathetic and vagal activity on HRV，predictions of group differences in cardiac autonomic regulation from HRV，relationships between HRV and other cardiac parameters，and the theoretical and mathematical bases of the concept of autonomic balance. Available data challenge the interpretation of the LF and LF/HF ratio as indices of sympathetic cardiac control and autonomic balance，respectively，and suggest that the HRV power spectrum，including its LF component，is mainly determined by the parasympathetic system.

Keywords： respiratory sinus arrhythmia； power spectral-analysis； sympathovagal balance； autonomic control； blood-pressure； nerve activity； reflex sensitivity； cardiovascular variability； norepinephrine spillover； noradrenaline spillover

来源出版物： Psychophysiology，2013，50（5）: 477-487联系邮箱： del Paso，GAR； greyes@ujaen.es

被引频次： 28

Reconsolidation in a human fear conditioning study： A test of extinction as updating mechanism

Kindt，M； Soeter，M

Abstract： Disrupting reconsolidation seems to be a promising approach to dampen the expression of fear memory. Recently，we demonstrated that disrupting reconsolidation by a pharmacological manipulation specifically targeted the emotional expression of memory（i.e.，startle response）. Here we test in a human differential fear-conditioning paradigm with fear-relevant stimuli whether the spacing of a single unreinforced retrieval trial relative to extinction learning allows for "rewriting" the original fear association，thereby preventing the return of fear. In contrast to previous findings reported by Schiller et al.（2010），who used a single-method for indexing fear（skin conductance response）and fear-irrelevant stimuli，we found that extinction learning within the reconsolidation window did not prevent the recovery of fear on multiple indices of conditioned responding（startle response，skin conductance response and US-expectancy）. These conflicting results ask for further critical testing given the potential impact on the field of emotional memory and its application to clinical practice.

Keywords： posttraumatic-stress-disorder； memory reconsolidation； startle potentiation； skin-conductance； retrieval； awareness； paradigm；emotion； context； amygdala

来源出版物： Biological Psychology，2013，92（1）: 43-50联系邮箱： Kindt，M； m.kindt@uva.nl

PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL临床心理学

被引频次： 33

Cytokine Targets In The Brain： Impact On Neurotransmitters And Neurocircuits

Miller，AH； Haroon，E； Raison，CL； et al.

Abstract： Increasing attention has been paid to the role of inflammation in a host of illnesses including neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Activation of the inflammatory response leads to release of inflammatory cytokines and mobilization of immune cells both of which have been shown to access the brain and alter behavior. The mechanisms of the effects of inflammation on the brain have become an area of intensive study. Data indicate that cytokines and their signaling pathways including p38 mitogen-activated proteinkinase have significant effects on the metabolism of multiple neurotransmitters such as serotonin，dopamine，and glutamate through impact on their synthesis，release，and reuptake. Cytokines also activate the kynurenine pathway，which not only depletes tryptophan，the primary amino acid precursor of serotonin，but also generates neuroactive metabolites that can significantly influence the regulation of dopamine and glutamate. Through their effects on neurotransmitter systems，cytokines impact neurocircuits in the brain including the basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex，leading to significant changes in motor activity and motivation as well as anxiety，arousal，and alarm. In the context of environmental challenge from the microbial world，these effects of inflammatory cytokines on the brain represent an orchestrated suite of behavioral and immune responses that subserve evolutionary priorities to shunt metabolic resources away from environmental exploration to fighting infection and wound healing，while also maintaining vigilance against attack，injury，and further pathogen exposure. Chronic activation of this innate behavioral and immune response may lead to depression and anxiety disorders in vulnerable individuals.

Keywords： tumor-necrosis-factor； interferon-alpha treatment； posttraumatic-stress-disorder； anterior cingulate activation； obsessive-compulsive disorder； pro-inflammatory cytokines； major depressive disorder； basal ganglia； acetylcholinesterase activity； serotonin transporters

来源出版物： Depression and Anxiety，2013，30（4）: 297-306联系邮箱： Miller，AH； amill02@emory.edu

被引频次： 32

Postpartum Depression： Current Status and Future Directions

O'Hara，MW； McCabe，JE

Abstract： Postpartum depression（PPD）is a common and serious mental health problem that is associated with maternal suffering and numerous negative consequences for offspring. The first six months after delivery may represent a high-risk time for depression. Estimates of prevalence range from 13% to 19%. Risk factors mirror those typically found with major depression，with the exception of postpartum-specific factors such as sensitivity to hormone changes. Controlled trials of psychological interventions have validated a variety of individual and group interventions. Medication often leads to depression improvement，but in controlled trials there are often no significant differences in outcomes between patients in the medication condition and those in placebo or active control conditions. Reviews converge on recommendations for particular antidepressant medications for use while breastfeeding. Prevention of PPD appears to be feasible and effective. Finally，there is a growing movement to integrate mental health screening into routine primary care for pregnant and postpartum women and to follow up this screening with treatment or referral and with follow-up care. Research and clinical recommendations are made throughout this review.

Keywords： randomized controlled-trial； maternal postnatal depression； mother-child-relationship； middle-income countries； infant-feeding outcomes； perinatal depression； psychological treatment； self-efficacy； primary-care； risk-factors

来源出版物： Annual Review of Clinical Psychology，2013，9: 379-407联系邮箱： O'Hara，MW； mike-ohara@uiowa.edu

被引频次： 27

An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults： on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders

Linscott，RJ； van Os，J

Abstract： Background. The psychosis-proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder incorporates notions of both phenomenological and temporal continuity（persistence）of psychotic experiences（PE），but not structural continuity. Specific testable propositions of phenomenological continuity and persistence are identified.

Method. Propositions are tested by systematic reviews of the epidemiology of PE，persistence of PE and disorder outcomes，and meta-analyses（including Monte Carlo permutation sampling，MCPS）of reported rates and odds ratios（ORs）.

Results. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of PE obtained from 61 cohorts revealed a median annual incidence of 2.5% and a prevalence of 7.2%. Meta-analysis of risk factors identified age，minority or migrant status，income，education，employment，marital status，alcohol use，cannabis use，stress，urbanicity and family history of mental illness as important predictors of PE. The mode of assessment accounted for significant variance in the observed rates. Across cohorts，the probability of persistence was very strongly related to the rate of PE at baseline. Of those who report PE，similar to 20% go on to experience persistent PE whereas for similar to 80%，PE remit over time. Of those with baseline PE，7.4% develop a psychotic disorder outcome.

Conclusions. Compelling support is found for the phenomenological and temporal continuity between PE and psychotic disorder and for the fundamental proposition that this relationship is probabilistic. However，imprecision in epidemiological research design，measurement limitations and the epiphenomenological nature of PE invite further robust scrutiny of the continuity theory.

Keywords： national comorbidity survey； general-population sample； self-reported hallucinations； latent class analysis； alspac birth cohort；community sample； risk-factors； delusional ideation； cannabis use； developmental expression

来源出版物： Psychological Medicine，2013，43（6）: 1133-1149联系邮箱： van Os，J； j.vanos@sp.unimaas.nl

被引频次： 26

The Impact of Maternal Depression During Pregnancy on Perinatal Outcomes：A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Grigoriadis，S； VonderPorten，EH； Mamisashvili，L； et al.

Abstract： Objective: Depression often remains undertreated during pregnancy and there is growing evidence that untoward perinatal outcomes can result. Our systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether maternal depression during pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal and infant outcomes.

Data Sources: MEDLINE，EMBASE，CINAHL，and PsycINFO were searched from their start dates to June 2010. Keywords utilized included depressive/mood disorder，postpartum/postnatal，pregnancy/pregnancy trimesters，prenatal or antenatal，infant/neonatal outcomes，premature delivery，gestational age，birth weight，NICU，preeclampsia，breastfeeding，and Apgar.

Study Selection: English language studies reporting on perinatal or child outcomes associated with maternal depression were included，3，074 abstracts were reviewed，735 articles retrieved，and 30 studies included.

Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed article quality. All studies were included in the primary analyses，and between-group differences for subanalyses are also reported.

Results: Thirty studies were eligible for inclusion. Premature delivery and decrease in breastfeeding initiation were significantly associated with maternal depression（odds ratio ［OR］=1.37； 95% CI，1.04 to 1.81； P =0.024； and OR = 0.68； 95% CI，0.61 to 0.76； P ＜0.0001，respectively）. While birth weight（mean difference = -19.53 g； 95% CI，-64.27 to 25.20； P =0.392），low birth weight（OR = 1.21； 95% CI，0.91 to 1.60； P =0.195），neonatal intensive care unit admissions（OR=1.43； 95% CI，0.83 to 2.47； P =0.195），and preeclampsia（OR = 1.35； 95% CI，0.95 to 1.92； P=0.089）did not show significant associations in the main analyses，some subanalyses were significant. Gestational age（mean difference = -0.19 weeks； 95% CI，-0.53 to 0.14； P =0.262）and Apgar scores at 1（mean difference = -0.05； 95% CI，-0.28 to 0.17； P =0.638）and 5 minutes（mean difference = 0.01； 95% CI，-0.08 to 0.11； P =0.782）did not demonstrate any significant associations with depression. For premature delivery，a convenience sample study design was associated with higher ORs（OR =2.43； 95% CI，1.47 to 4.01；P=0.001）.

Conclusions: Maternal depression during pregnancy is associated with increased odds for premature delivery and decreased breastfeeding initiation； however，the effects are modest. More research of higher methodological quality is needed.

Keywords： low-birth-weight； spontaneous preterm birth； intrauterine growth-retardation； antenatal depression； neonatal outcomes； prospective cohort； fetal-growth； risk-factors； antidepressant treatment； psychological distress

来源出版物： Journal of Clinical Psychiatry，2013，74（4）: E321联系邮箱： Grigoriadis，S； Sophie.Grigoriadis@sunnybrook.ca

被引频次： 25

Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder： a systematic review of the epidemiological literature

Ferrari，AJ； Somerville，AJ； Baxter，AJ； et al.

Abstract： Background. Summarizing the epidemiology of major depressive disorder（MDD）at a global level is complicated by significant heterogeneity in the data. The aim of this study is to present a global summary of the prevalence and incidence of MDD，accounting for sources of bias，and dealing with heterogeneity. Findings are informing MDD burden quantification in the Global Burden of Disease（GBD）2010 Study.

Method. A systematic review of prevalence and incidence of MDD was undertaken. Electronic databases Medline，PsycINFO and EMBASE were searched. Community-representative studies adhering to suitable diagnostic nomenclature were included. A meta-regression was conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity in prevalence and guide the stratification of data in a meta-analysis.

Results. The literature search identified 116 prevalence and four incidence studies. Prevalence period，sex，year of study，depression subtype，survey instrument，age and region were significant determinants of prevalence，explaining 57.7% of the variability between studies. The global point prevalence of MDD，adjusting for methodological differences，was 4.7%（4.4-5.0 %）. The pooled annual incidence was 3.0%（2.4-3.8 %），clearly at odds with the pooled prevalence estimates and the previously reported average duration of 30 weeks for an episode of MDD.

Conclusions. Our findings provide a comprehensive and up-to-date profile of the prevalence of MDD globally. Region and study methodology influenced the prevalence of MDD. This needs to be considered in the GBD 2010 study and in investigations into the ecological determinants of MDD. Good-quality estimates from low-/middle-income countries were sparse. More accurate data on incidence are also required.

Keywords： cross-national epidemiology； common mental-disorders； lifetime prevalence； psychiatric epidemiology； screening instruments；gender-differences； clinical-trials； meta-regression； health surveys； metaanalysis

来源出版物： Psychological Medicine，2013，43（3）: 471-481联系邮箱： Ferrari，AJ； alize_ferrari@qcmhr.uq.edu.au

PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL实验心理学

被引频次： 177

Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing： Keep it maximal

Barr，DJ； Levy，R； Scheepers，C； et al.

Abstract： Linear mixed-effects models（LMEMs）have become increasingly prominent in psycholinguistics and related areas. However，many researchers do not seem to appreciate how random effects structures affect the generalizability of an analysis. Here，we argue that researchers using LMEMs for confirmatory hypothesis testing should minimally adhere to the standards that have been in place for many decades. Through theoretical arguments and Monte Carlo simulation，we show that LMEMs generalize best when they include the maximal random effects structure justified by the design. The generalization performance of LMEMs including data-driven random effects structures strongly depends upon modeling criteria and sample size，yielding reasonable results on moderately-sized samples when conservative criteria are used，but with little or no power advantage over maximal models. Finally，random-intercepts-only LMEMs used on within-subjects and/or within-items data from populations where subjects and/or items vary in their sensitivity to experimental manipulations always generalize worse than separate F-1 and F-2 tests，and in many cases，even worse than F-1 alone. Maximal LMEMs should be the 'gold standard' for confirmatory hypothesis testing in psycholinguistics and beyond.

Keywords： fixed-effect fallacy； repeated-measures designs； linear mixed models； language

来源出版物： Journal of Memory and Language，2013，68（3）: 255-278联系邮箱： Barr，DJ； dale.barr@glasgow.ac.ukss

被引频次： 50

The ventral visual pathway： an expanded neural framework for the processing of object quality

Kravitz，DJ； Saleem，KS； Baker，CI； et al.

Abstract： Since the original characterization of the ventral visual pathway，our knowledge of its neuroanatomy，functional properties，and extrinsic targets has grown considerably. Here we synthesize this recent evidence and propose that the ventral pathway is best understood as a recurrent occipitotemporal network containing neural representations of object quality both utilized and constrained by at least six distinct cortical and subcortical systems. Each system serves its own specialized behavioral，cognitive，or affective function，collectively providing the raison d'etre for the ventral visual pathway. This expanded framework contrasts with the depiction of the ventral visual pathway as a largely serial staged hierarchy culminating in singular object representations and more parsimoniously incorporates attentional，contextual，and feedback effects.

Keywords： medial temporal-lobe； lateral prefrontal cortex； primate orbitofrontal cortex； posterior inferotemporal cortex； feature-based attention； reward-guided behavior； face-selective cortex； working-memory tasks； macaque monkey； cortical connections

来源出版物： Trends in Cognitive Sciences，2013，17（1）: 26-49联系邮箱： Kravitz，DJ； kravitzd@mail.nih.gov

被引频次： 45

Long-axis specialization of the human hippocampus

Poppenk，J； Evensmoen，HR； Moscovitch，M； et al.

Abstract： Investigation of the hippocampus has historically focused on computations within the trisynaptic circuit. However，discovery of important anatomical and functional variability along its long axis has inspired recent proposals of long-axis functional specialization in both the animal and human literatures. Here，we review and evaluate these proposals. We suggest that various long-axis specializations arise out of differences between the anterior（aHPC）and posterior hippocampus（pHPC）in large-scale network connectivity，the organization of entorhinal grid cells，and subfield compositions that bias the aHPC and pHPC towards pattern completion and separation，respectively. The latter two differences give rise to a property，reflected in the expression of multiple other functional specializations，of coarse，global representations in anterior hippocampus and fine-grained，local representations in posterior hippocampus.

Keywords： medial temporal-lobe； anterior-posterior axis； functional connectivity； entorhinal cortex； spatial representation； ventral hippocampus； recognition memory； pattern separation； prefrontal cortex； human amygdala

来源出版物： Trends in Cognitive Sciences，2013，17（5）: 230-240联系邮箱： Poppenk，J； jpoppenk@princeton.edu

被引频次： 42

Brain mechanisms for emotional influences on perception and attention： What is magic and what is not

Pourtois，G； Schettino，A； Vuilleumier，P

Abstract： The rapid and efficient selection of emotionally salient or goal-relevant stimuli in the environment is crucial for flexible and adaptive behaviors. Converging data from neuroscience and psychology have accrued during the last decade to identify brain systems involved in emotion processing，selective attention，and their interaction，which together act to extract the emotional or motivational value of sensory events and respond appropriately. An important hub in these systems is the amygdala，which may not only monitor the emotionalvalue of stimuli，but also readily project to several other areas and send feedback to sensory pathways（including striate and extrastriate visual cortex）. This system generates saliency signals that modulate perceptual，motor，as well as memory processes，and thus in turn regulate behavior appropriately. Here，we review our current views on the function and properties of these brain systems，with an emphasis on their involvement in the rapid and/or preferential processing of threat-relevant stimuli. We suggest that emotion signals may enhance processing efficiency and competitive strength of emotionally significant events through gain control mechanisms similar to those of other（e.g. endogenous）attentional systems，but mediated by distinct neural mechanisms in amygdala and interconnected prefrontal areas. Alterations in these brain mechanisms might be associated with psychopathological conditions，such as anxiety or phobia. We conclude that attention selection and awareness are determined by multiple attention gain control systems that may operate in parallel and use different sensory cues but act on a common perceptual pathway.

Keywords： event-related potentials； primary visual-cortex； fearful facial expressions； depth-recorded potentials； inferior temporal cortex；non-conscious perception； threat-related stimuli； top-down facilitation； fusiform face area； selective attention

来源出版物： Biological Psychology，2013，92（3）: 492-512联系邮箱： Pourtois，G； gilles.pourtois@ugent.be

被引频次： 34

Cerebellar networks with the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

Bostan，AC； Dum，RP； Strick，PL

Abstract： The dominant view of cerebellar function has been that it is exclusively concerned with motor control and coordination. Recent findings from neuroanatomical，behavioral，and imaging studies have profoundly changed this view. Neuroanatomical studies using virus transneuronal tracers have demonstrated that cerebellar output reaches vast areas of the neocortex，including regions of prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. Furthermore，it has recently become clear that the cerebellum is reciprocally connected with the basal ganglia，which suggests that the two subcortical structures are part of a densely interconnected network. Taken together，these findings elucidate the neuroanatomical substrate for cerebellar involvement in non-motor functions mediated by the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex，as well as in processes traditionally associated with the basal ganglia.

Keywords： subthalamic nucleus stimulation； intrinsic functional connectivity； cognitive-affective syndrome； temporal difference models；parkinsons-disease； rhesus-monkey； dentate nucleus； corticopontine projection； transneuronal transport； horseradish-peroxidase

来源出版物： Trends in Cognitive Sciences，2013，17（5）: 241-254联系邮箱： Strick，PL； strickp@pitt.edu

（责任编辑姚玉琴）

The World Ocean Silica Cycle

Treguer，PJ； De La Rocha，CL

Over the past few decades，we have realized that the silica cycle is strongly intertwined with other major biogeochemical cycles，like those of carbon and nitrogen，and as such is intimately related to marine primary production，the efficiency of carbon export to the deep sea，and the inventory of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For nearly 20 years，the marine silica budget compiled by Treguer et al.（1995），with its exploration of reservoirs，processes，sources，and sinks in the silica cycle，has provided context and information fundamental to study of the silica cycle. Today，the budget needs revisiting to incorporate advances that have notably changed estimates of river and groundwater inputs to the ocean of dissolved silicon and easily dissolvable amorphous silica，inputs from the dissolution of terrestrial lithogenic silica in ocean margin sediments，reverse weathering removal fluxes，and outputs of biogenic silica（especially on ocean margins and in the form of nondiatomaceous biogenic silica）. The resulting budget recognizes significantly higher input and output fluxes and notes that the recycling of silicon occurs mostly at the sediment-water interface and not during the sinking of silica particles through deep waters.

submarine groundwater discharge； equatorial pacific-ocean； regulate si uptake； missing ge sink； biogenic silica； southern-ocean；organic-carbon； north pacific； time-series； phytoplankton productivity