理智德性的协作认知

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理智德性的协作认知

孙保学

(山东大学哲学与社会发展学院,山东济南250100)

摘要:理智德性是德性知识论的核心概念。对这一概念有两种竞争性的解读:能力型德性和品质型德性。前者认为理智德性是稳定的、可靠的认知能力,例如知觉、记忆和推理等;后者视理智德性为后天的品质特性,如坚韧、理智勇气和思想开明等。究竟哪种解读揭示了理智德性的本性,学界存在较大争议。其实,两种解读本质上并不冲突,它们实际上分别揭示了统一的理智德性的两个不同方面。当前争论的根源在于未能恰当地区分两种德性在认知过程中体现的不同价值:能力型德性更适合解释低阶知识,品质型德性更适合解释高阶知识。两种德性之间不是对立关系,而是兼容互补的协作关系。

关键词:德性知识论; 理智德性; 能力德性; 品质德性; 协作关系

doi:10.15936/j.cnki.10083758.2015.04.004

收稿日期:2015-01-15

作者简介:孙保学(1986-),男,山东临沂人,山东大学博士研究生,主要从事知识论、认知科学哲学和心灵哲学研究。

中图分类号:B017;N031

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1008-3758(2015)04-0349-06

Abstract:As the core concept of virtue epistemology, intellectual virtue has two competitive interpretations-competence-virtue and character-virtue. The former argues that intellectual virtue is a stable and reliable cognitive ability such as perception, memory and reasoning; the latter regards it as acquired traits of character such as tenacity, intellectual courage and open-mindedness. There exists a perennial controversy in the academic community on which reveals the nature of intellectual virtue. In fact, the two explanations do not conflict in essence, which explore respectively two aspects of the unified intellectual virtue. The current debate is largely due to the fact that the different functions of the two types of intellectual virtue are not identified in the process of cognition, i.e., competence-virtue explains low-level knowledge better while character-virtue is better suited for explaining high-level knowledge. They are synergically related and compatible with each other rather than in a life-or-death struggle.

Synergic Cognition of Intellectual Virtue

SUNBao-xue

(School of Philosophy and Social Development, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China)

Key words:virtue epistemology; intellectual virtue; competence-virtue; character-virtue; synergic relationship

当代知识论正在经历一种“价值转向”[1]。知识论学者们的关注点已经开始从信念作为知识的充分必要条件的分析与辩护逐渐转向认知活动的规范性和价值问题的探讨。德性知识论(Virtue Epistemology)正是这种最新趋向的开启者和主要推动者。当前,有关认知价值的讨论主要集中于两种来源:真理和认知德性。真理作为认知活动的目标,是绝大多数知识论理论追求的价值源泉;认知德性强调对认知者的评价要根据他们是否在认知活动表现了相应的能力或品质,而不是他们是否遵循合理的信念规范或推理程式。……