男性糖化血红蛋白水平与高血压发病风险研究

2015-04-21 08:15姚秀萍王爱英高凌根
中华老年多器官疾病杂志 2015年3期
关键词:糖化比值校正

姚秀萍,王爱英,高凌根



男性糖化血红蛋白水平与高血压发病风险研究

姚秀萍*,王爱英2*,高凌根2

(1武警总医院保健科,北京 100039;2解放军总医院南楼临床部综合外科,北京 100853)

日本TOPICS16研究表明更高的空腹血糖预测高血压发生的风险,而糖化血红蛋白则无预测作用。本研究的目的是了解基础糖化血红蛋白水平是否与高血压发病相关。入选4 586名尚未诊断高血压病、糖尿病及心脑血管疾病的男性体检人员,收集其基线临床资料,并分析糖化血红蛋白水平与高血压发病的关系。经过11.5年随访,2027(44.2%)人患高血压,经校正传统的心血管疾病危险因素后,五分位糖化血红蛋白水平从低(<4.75%)至高(≥5.18%)与高血压发病风险值分别为1.0(参考值),0.99(0.93,1.07),1.06(0.99,1.14),1.08(1.02,1.15),1.22(1.17,1.35)。根据入选患者基线空腹血糖水平(<4.7;4.8−5.2;5.3−5.7;≥5.7mmol/L)分组,经校正传统的心血管疾病危险因素后,空腹血糖<4.7mmol/L组高血压发病风险比值参考值为1,可发现按空腹血糖水平由低到高的顺序其高血压发病风险比值分别为0.95(0.92,1.05),0.96(0.91,1.06),1.01(0.95,1.10)。未患糖尿病男性的糖化血红蛋白水平与高血压发病相关。

糖化血红蛋白;葡萄糖代谢;高血压

全球近25%的人群患有高血压,给个人、家庭和社会带来巨大的损害和沉重的负担[1]。已有研究显示糖尿病患者人群高血压发病率明显高于非糖尿病人群,因此,糖尿病与高血压发病风险之间的潜在关系引起广泛关注[2−4]。无论是基础研究还是临床转化研究,均显示胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、肥胖与高血压发病存在关联[5−7],肥胖与高血压发病之间的关系已被大规模临床研究证实[8],然而,糖尿病前期状态与高血压发病的关系尚未明确。糖化血红蛋白水平可反映糖尿病前期状态的胰岛细胞功能紊乱和IR情况[9]。2014年9月online的日本TOPICS16[10]研究表明,空腹血糖水平可预测高血压发生的风险,而糖化血红蛋白则无预测作用。因此,本研究的目的是了解糖化血红蛋白水平与高血压发病风险之间的关系。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

入选武警总医院定期体检的尚未诊断高血压病、糖尿病及心脑血管疾病的部队男性体检人员4 586名,收集其基线临床资料,包括年龄、身高、体质量指数、进食蔬菜与水果情况、空腹血糖、收缩压、舒张压、是否吸烟、饮酒及运动情况、血脂情况、C反应蛋白。

1.2 标本收集

抽取空腹12h静脉血,以依地酸−钾(EDTA-K2)抗凝试管收集血液标本测定糖化血红蛋白,以肝素钠抗凝试管收集的标本测定生化全项指标。

1.3 随访

本研究入选的4 586人、定期到武警总医院体检,收集其个人信息包括姓名、联系方式、工作单位、住址。对于未到医院进行定期体检人员,通过电话或家访的方式获得随访信息,无脱漏。入选对 象在未服抗高血压药物情况下,经3次检查,收缩压≥140mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)和(或)舒张压≥90mmHg,即可视为新发高血压。

1.4 糖化血红蛋白的测定方法

糖化血红蛋白测定方法采用离子交换高效液相色谱法,使用HLC-723 G7型糖化血红蛋白仪(日本SYSMEX公司),采用原装进口试剂盒。

1.5 统计学处理

对测得的糖化血红蛋白采用五分位数,并统计其高血压发病风险。运用COX风险比例模型计算多因素校正的风险比值。最初模型校正的变量为年龄;之后校正的多变量分别为吸烟(从未吸烟、已戒烟、<15支/d、>15支/d)、饮酒情况(从不饮酒/偶尔饮酒、饮酒1~3次/月、饮酒1~6次/月,饮酒≥1次/d)、运动情况(不进行任何体育活动、<1次/周、1~3次/周、≥4次/周)、高脂血症病史、年龄<60岁心肌梗死家族史、C反应蛋白,计算糖化血红蛋白五分位数水平与高血压发病风险比值,另外我们还根据临床糖化血红蛋白水平对入选对象进行分组(<5.0%;5.0%~5.5%;5.5%~6.0%;≥6.0%),并计算其与高血压发病风险比值。

2 结 果

2.1 受检人员按糖化血红蛋白水平五分位数分组基线临床资料

入选4 586名中,年龄(53.5±6.2)岁,按糖化血红蛋白水平五分位数分组的基线临床资料情况见表1,其中纳入的变量包括年龄、吸烟情况、体质量指数、胆固醇水平、体力活动、饮酒情况、基础血压水平,随访11.5年后,2 027例(44.2%)入选对象为新发高血压。

2.2 按糖化血红蛋白水平分组高血压发病风险分析结果

经校正年龄后发现高血压发病风险随着糖化血红蛋白水平的升高而增加,高血压发病风险比值参考值为1,糖化血红蛋白五分位数分组按由低到高的顺序其风险比值分别为1.00(0.92,1.06),1.07(1.01,1.16),1.14(1.07,1.21),1.25(1.17,1.35);经校正年龄、吸烟、饮酒、血压、体质量指数等多个危险因素后,糖化血红蛋白五分位数分组按由低到高的顺序其风险比值分别为0.99(0.93,1.07),1.06(0.99,1.14),1.08(1.02,1.15),1.22(1.17,1.35;表2);另外,我们根据临床糖化血红蛋白水平(<5.0%;5.0%~5.5%;5.5%~6.0%;≥6.0%)分组,高血压发病风险随糖化血红蛋白水平升高而增加,与按五分位数分组趋势相同(表3)。

2.3 按空腹血糖水平分组高血压发病风险分析结果

经校正年龄后可发现高血压发病风险未随着空腹血糖水平的升高而增加,根据入选患者基线空腹血糖水平(<5.0;4.8~5.2;5.3~5.7;≥5.7mmol/L)分组,空腹血糖<5.0mmol/L组高血压发病风险比值参考值为1,另外3组高血压发病风险比值分别为0.98(0.94,1.06),0.94(0.89,1.05),0.99(0.96,1.05);经校正年龄、吸烟、饮酒、血压、体质量指数等多个危险因素后,可发现按血糖水平由低到高的顺序其风险比值分别为0.95(0.92,1.05),0.96(0.91,1.06),1.01(0.95,1.10),具体结果见表4。

3 讨 论

高血压和糖尿病均为与代谢密切相关的慢性疾病,具有共同的发病基础,同为IR综合征的重要组成部分,近年有研究探讨快速血糖、餐后血糖及胰岛素水平与高血压发病的关系,提示在校正体质量指数后,胰岛素水平仅增加高血压家族史患者的高血压发病风险[11−14],另外IR与高血压发病密切相关已得到证实[15,16]。由此可见,糖代谢可能参与高血压的发病过程。随着科学的发展和大规模流行病学调查结果的公布,学者们不断地对糖尿病诊断标准进行改进,以期能更早发现糖尿病患者,积极采取干预措施,使患者获益。国际上已经提出了可以用糖化血红蛋白作为糖尿病的诊断方法[17−19],本研究通过对4 586名健康体检人员进行11.5年的随访,发现经校正年龄、吸烟、饮酒、血压水平、体质量指数等心血管疾病危险因素后,随糖化血红蛋白水平的升高,高血压发病风险明显增加,而随空腹血糖水平升高,并未发现高血压发病风险明显增加。Singer等[20]进行的一项横断面研究发现,糖化血红蛋白水平与高血压发病密切相关,与本研究结果一致,然而,另有研究结果显示[10,21,22],糖化血红蛋白水平升高未明显增加高血压发病风险,种族差异可能是结果不一致的原因之一,尚需进一步研究。

糖化血红蛋白是红细胞中血红蛋白与葡萄糖持续不可逆非酶促蛋白糖基化反应的产物,可反映患者近2~3个月的血糖水平。糖化血红蛋白在糖尿病管理中已应用近20年,检测方便,近年来众多研究显示,糖化血红蛋白也和心血管疾病的发生有密切关系。糖化血红蛋白水平升高可增加高血压发病风险的可能机制如下:糖化血红蛋白以及其最终形成的糖基化终产物与其受体结合后,激活信号转导通路,导致多种蛋白基因及表达的改变,对血管壁产生作用,诱导平滑肌细胞迁移和增殖,刺激泡沫细胞的产生,促进糖基化胶原蛋白的交联,抑制胆固醇的逆转运等途径,促进动脉粥样硬化的发生,导致动脉壁结构的改变,另外,糖化血红蛋白可以减少一氧化氮的产生和释放,并增加蛋白激酶C和血栓素A2的水平,使一氧化氮依赖的环磷酸鸟苷减少,致使血管舒张功能障碍,动脉顺应性减退[23]。

表1 按糖化血红蛋白五分位数分组患者临床基线资料

HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Group 1: HbA1c<4.75%; Group 2: HbA1c 4.75%−4.91%; Group 3: HbA1c 4.91%−5.05%; Group 4: HbA1c 5.05%−5.18%;Group 5: HbA1c≥5.18%

表2 按糖化血红蛋白水平五分位数分组高血压发病风险分析结果

HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; Group 1: HbA1c<4.75%;Group 2: HbA1c 4.75%−4.91%; Group 3: HbA1c 4.91%−5.05%; Group 4: HbA1c 5.05%−5.18%; Group 5: HbA1c≥5.18%.*Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, high cholesterol, and BMI

表3 按临床糖化血红蛋白水平分组高血压发病风险分析结果

HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; Group A: HbA1c<5.0%; Group B: HbA1c 5.0%−5.5%; Group C: HbA1c 5.5%−6.0%; Group D: HbA1c≥6.0%.*Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, high cholesterol, and BMI

表4 按空腹血糖水平分组高血压发病风险分析结果

FPG: fasting plasma glucose; BMI: body mass index; Group E: FPG<4.7mmol/L; Group F: FPG 4.8−5.2mmol/L; Group G: FPG 5.3−5.7mmol/L; Group H: FPG≥5.7mmol/L.*Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, high cholesterol, and BMI

因此,本研究结果提示,糖化血红蛋白水平与原发性高血压患者有密切关系,应高度重视糖化血红蛋白水平的监控,以降低原发性高血压的发病率,但其具体机制尚不明确,仍需大规模临床及基础研究证实。

[1] Mittal BV, Singh AK. Hypertension in the developing world: challenges and opportunities[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2010, 55(3): 590−598.

[2] Lee IT, Hung YJ, Chen JF,. Comparison of the efficacy and safety profiles of two fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents, amlodipine/benazeprilvalsartan/hydrochlorothiazide, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a 16-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study[J]. Clin Ther, 2012, 34(8): 1735−1750.

[3] Colosia AD, Palencia R, Khan S. Prevalence of hypertension and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in observational studies: a systematic literature review[J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 2013, 6:327–338.

[4] Anderson RJ, Bahn GD, Moritz TE,. VADT Study Group. Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial[J]. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(1): 34–38.

[5] Shen J, Goyal A, Sperling L. The emerging epidemic of obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in China[J]. Cardiol Res Pract, 2012, 2012: 178675.

[6] Moehlecke M, Leitão CB, Kramer CK,. Effect of metabolic syndrome and of its individual components on renal function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2010, 43(7): 687−693.

[7] Frank LK, Heraclides A, Danquah I,Measures of general and central obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Ghanaian population[J]. Trop Med Int Health, 2013, 18(2): 141−151.

[8] Feng RN, Zhao C, Wang C,. BMI is strongly associated with hypertension, and waist circumference is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia, in northern Chinese adults[J]. J Epidemiol, 2012, 22(4): 317−323.

[9] Zhang X, Gregg EW, Williamson DF,. A1c level and future risk of diabetes: a systematic review[J]. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(7): 1665−1673.

[10] Heianza Y, Arase Y, Kodama S,. Fasting glucose and HbA1c levels as risk factors for the development of hypertension in Japanese individuals: Toranomon hospital health management center study 16 (TOPICS 16) [J]. J Hum Hypertens. 2014 Sep 18. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2014.77. [Epub ahead of print]

[11] Haffner SM, Valdez R, Morales PA,. Greater effect of glycemia on incidence of hypertension in women than in men[J]. Diabetes Care, 1992, 15(10): 1277−1284.

[12] Kristiansson K, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H,. Glucose tolerance and blood pressure in a population-based cohort study of males and females: the Reykjavik Study[J]. J Hypertens, 1995, 13(6): 581−586.

[13] Fagot-Campagna A, Balkau B, Simon D,. Is insulin an independent risk factor for hypertension? The Paris Prospective Study[J]. Int J Epidemiol, 1997, 26(3): 542−550.

[14] Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Abbasi M,. HOMA-estimated insulin resistance is associated with hypertension in Iranian diabetic and non-diabetic subjects[J]. Clin Exp Hypertens, 2008, 30(5): 297–307.

[15] Hanefeld M, Koehler C, Gallo S,. Impact of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome and their different combinations on the prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes in Germany (DIG) study[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2007, 6: 13.

[16] Manucha W, Ritchie B, Ferder L. Hypertension and insulin resistance: implications of mitochondrial dysfunction[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2015, 17(1): 504.

[17] Gillett M. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1c assay in the diagnosis of diabetes: Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(7): 1327−1334[J]. Clin Biochem Rev, 2009, 30(4): 197−200.

[18] Costa B, Barrio F, Piñol JL,. Shifting from glucose diagnosis to the new HbA1c diagnosis reduces the capability of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) to screen for glucose abnormalities within a real-life primary healthcare preventive strategy[J]. BMC Med, 2013, 11: 45.

[19] Herman WH, Fajans SS. Hemoglobin A1c for the diagnosis of diabetes: practical considerations[J]. Pol Arch Med Wewn, 2010, 120(1−2): 37−40.

[20] Singer DE, Nathan DM, Anderson KM,. Association of HbA1c with prevalent cardiovascular disease in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study[J]. Diabetes, 1992, 41(2): 202−208.

[21] Chu NF, Lee MM, Wang DJ,. The reappraisal of the association of glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) and blood pressure: a hypertension and diabetes study in a Taiwan rural area[J]. J Clin Epidemiol, 1993, 46(2): 173−179.

[22] Kroke A, Liese AD, Keil U,. Arterial hypertension and glycemia in non-diabetic subjects: is there an association independent of obesity[J]? Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 1999, 15(2): 99−105.

[23] Wautier JL, Schmidt AM. Protein glycation: a firm link to endothelial cell dysfunction[J]. Circ Res, 2004, 95(3): 233−238.

(编辑: 周宇红)

Correlation of hemoglobin A1c and risk of hypertension in men

YAO Xiu-Ping1*, WANG Ai-Ying2*, GAO Ling-Gen2

(1Health Service Office, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China;2Department of Geriatric Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)

The Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 16 (TOPICS 16) showed that higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) indicated increased risk of hypertension, but glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) did not. This study aimed to investigate whether HbA1c was associated with the risk of hypertension.A prospective study was carried out on 4 586 men initially free of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease who taking regular physical examination in our hospital to assess the relationship of baseline HbA1c with hypertension. Their baseline clinical data were collected. The quintiles and clinical cutpoints of HbA1c for the risk of hypertension were considered and analyzed.During a median follow-up of 11.5 years, 2 027 of the cohort (44.2%) developed hypertension. In the model adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratios (HR) from the lowest (<4.75%) to the highest (≥5.18%) quintile of HbA1c were 1.0 (referent), 0.99 (0.93, 1.07), 1.06 (0.99, 1.14), 1.08 (1.02, 1.15), and 1.22 (1.17, 1.35). When using clinical cutpoints of FPG (<4.7, 4.8−5.2, 5.3−5.7, ≥5.7mmol/L), the model adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors showed that the HR from the lowest (<4.7mmol/L) to the highest (≥5.7mmol/L) level of FPG were 1.0 (referent), 0.95 (0.92, 1.05), 0.96 (0.91, 1.06), and 1.01 (0.95, 1.10) respectively.HbA1c in men without diabetes is associated with risk of hypertension.

glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; glucose metabolism; hypertension

R544.1

A

10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.03.046

(2012T50865).

2014−11−05;

2015−01−31

中国博士后科学基金特别资助(2012T50865)

姚秀萍,E-mail: xiupingyao1971@163.com;王爱英,E-mail: 1766613400qq.com

王爱英,为共同第一作者

猜你喜欢
糖化比值校正
糖尿病患者为何要做糖化血红蛋白测定?
院外延伸干预模式对糖尿病合并脑卒中患者糖化血红蛋白、自护行为及生存质量的影响
劉光第《南旋記》校正
应用安琪酿酒曲糖化工艺的研究
建立在校正系统上的强大实力Sonance所能士i12
糖化血红蛋白测定
在Lightroom中校正镜头与透视畸变
机内校正
物理中的比值定义法
平均功率与瞬时功率的比较与应用