巧用结构法，妙解语法题

潘素洪

一、词法结构

（一）偏正结构

1. 形容词+名词

【例1】 While there are _____（amaze） stories of instant transformation， for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.

【解析】根据“形容词+名词”结构可知，stories前缺少形容词。本空填amazing。

2. 冠词+名词

【例2】As a result，the _____（west）usually become very fat and have bad teeth.

【解析】根据“冠词+名词”结构，定冠词后接west的名词形式。根据语境，指人用westerner。又因为句子要保持主谓一致，所以填westerners。

3. 冠词+形容词+名词

【例3】Besides，shopping at this time of the year was not _____ pleasant experience.

【解析】根据“冠词+形容词+名词”结构，本空缺少冠词，不定冠词a是泛指，符合语境。

（二）动宾结构

在英语中充当及物动词宾语的主要有名词、代词和动名词，即“动词+名词”“动词+代词”“动词+动名词”结构。在语法填空题中，“动词+名词”和“动词+动名词”结构没有被考查。本文中的动宾结构特指“动词+代词”结构。

【例4】He asked his teacher，“Sir，the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like _____？”

【解析】根據“动词+代词”结构，本空缺少代词。由于及物动词like（喜欢）后缺宾语，应填代词的宾格形式，指代前句提及的the water，应填it。

（三）介宾结构

1. 介词+名词

【例5】Different species of octopuses may measure from two inches to over thirty feet in _____（long）.

【解析】根据“介词+名词”结构，本空在介词后，缺少名词，填long的名词length。

2. 介词+代词

【例6】It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty（960～1279）was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about _____ day and night.

【解析】根据“介词+代词”结构，介词about后缺宾语，本空缺少代词。由句意或前后逻辑可知，应填it，指代前文中的（how）to help his crop grow up quickly。

3. 介词+动名词

【例7】After _____（take） it out of its package， he put a small frying pan onto the stoves gas burner.

【解析】根据“介词+动名词”的结构，介词after后接动词take的动名词形式，本空填taking。

二、句法结构

（一）简单句结构

1. 主语+谓语+宾语

【例8】A boy on a bike _____（catch） my attention.

【解析】根据“主语+谓语+宾语”简单句结构，本句主语为“A boy on a bike”，后接谓语动词。又因为本文时态选用一般过去时，所以填caught。

2. 主语+系动词+表语

【例9】For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt _____（please），because there were many empty seats in the room.

【解析】根据“主语+系动词+表语”简单句结构，本空缺少表语。又因为系动词felt 后接形容词作表语，所以填please的形容词pleased。

3. 固定句型结构

【例10】It took years of work _____（reduce） the industrial pollution and clean the water.

【解析】根据“It takes sb. some time to do sth.”固定句型结构，填to reduce。……