大冶湖流域面源污染特征及防治措施

方月梅 张晓玲 吴风林

摘要通过对大冶湖流域的面源污染进行系统调查，分析了其污染特征和成因。结果表明，农村生活产生的化学需氧量、总磷和总氮量均最大；水产养殖排放的总磷和总氮最大；对大冶湖流域水环境污染影响较大的地区是阳新县所辖的3乡镇和1开发区、金山店镇和还地桥镇。农业生产技术落后、农村环保设施薄弱、超面积围网养殖、农民环保意识淡薄，是造成面源污染的主要原因。针对流域面源污染现状，提出了相应的治理對策，为治理大冶湖流域污染提供可靠的依据。

关键词大冶湖流域；水环境；面源污染；特征；防治措施

中图分类号S181.3；X524文献标识码

A文章编号0517-6611（2015）31-231-03

Nonpoint Source Pollution Characteristics and Control Measures in Daye Lake Basin

FANG Yuemei， ZHANG Xiaoling， WU Fenglin （Hubei Polytechnic University， Huangshi， Hubei 435003）

Abstract By system investigation of nonpoint source pollution in Daye Lake basin， the pollution characteristics and causes were analyzed.The results showed that the biggest production of COD， TP and TN were from the rural life； aquaculture discharged the biggest loads of TP and TN； the areas larger impacting water environment of Daye Lake basin were in three jurisdiction towns and one industrial zone of Yangxin County， Jinshan Town and Huandiqiao Town.The main causes of nonpoint source pollution were backward technology of agricultural production， weak protection infrastructure in rural environmental， super net breeding area， and farmers weak environmental consciousness.According to current situation of watershed nonpoint source pollution， the corresponding countermeasures were put forward to provide a reliable basis for controlling pollution in Daye Lake basin.

Key words Daye Lake basin； Water environment； Nonpoint source pollution； Characteristics； Prevention and control measures

大冶湖是黄石市第一大湖泊，主要有供水、防洪调蓄、灌溉、渔业养殖、航运、城区景观等功能，是大冶人民的“母亲湖”。大冶湖流域面积1 106 km2，水域面积64.6 km2，自然条件得天独厚，是矿产资源聚集区，流域内总人口为128.84万人，流域经济发达，其水质安全对维持大冶湖流域正常的生产生活起着重要作用。但是，矿产资源采掘、选取、提炼等开发利用，以及种植业、畜禽养殖业、水产养殖业等所排放的污染物，对大冶湖水质造成了很大的影响，特别是过度围网养殖对大冶湖的水质、水生动植物以及整个生态环境造成严重破坏[1-2]。目前，大冶湖整体处于富营养化状态。

面源污染是水体氮、磷等营养物质的主要来源，控制面源污染是防止水体富营养化的重要手段[3-4]。因此，笔者以大冶湖流……