比较级难点辨析

何卉蓉

比较级就是将两者进行比较产生的词形，是由原级转化而来的，在英语中通常用下列方式表示的词：在形容词或副词前加more或加后缀-er。典型的比较级是指形容词或副词所表示的质、量或关系的增加或减少。英语句子中，将比较两个主体的方法叫做“比较句型”。组成句子的方式是将形容词或副词变化成比较级的形态。

一、注意比较级中的同类比较。

在比较级中作比较的对象必须是同一类别，非同类的事物不能进行比较。如：

误：My cake is bigger than you.

正：My cake is bigger than yours （your cake）.

一般说来，相比较的事物为了避免与than后面的比较对象重复，常用that或those来代替。不可数名词和单数名词用that代替，复数名词多用those代替。如：

误：The weather in the south is always hotter than in the north.

正：The weather in the south is always hotter than that in the north.

二、注意than后人称代词的格，在比较级中一般主格与主格相比，宾格与宾格相比。

1. 句中谓语动词是不及物动词时，than后面的动词应省略，后面的代词用主格或宾格其意义并无区别。如：

She runs faster than he （him）.

He comes to school earlier than us （we）.

2. 句中谓语动词是及物动词时，后面人称代词的主格、宾格不同，意义也不同。如：

I like you more than he.

（=I like you more than he likes you.）

3. 若代词后接all作同位语，代词用宾格。如：

误：Tom draws better than they all.

正：Tom draws better than them all.

三、注意than前后的谓语动词的一致性。

若句中含有be动词、助动词、情态动词，than后的动词与其一致；若句中不含有这些动词，则用do的适当形式，即do，does，did。如：

误：Jim runs faster than Tom is.

正：Jim runs faster than Tom does.

误：Im much taller than he does.

正：Im much taller than he is.

四、当比较的双方在同一范围内，注意要加other一词，将比较的一方从被比较的一方排除在外。否则，就会出现与自身相比较的矛盾现象。

译：英语比其它任何学科更受欢迎。

误：English is more popular than any subject.

正：English is more popular than any other subject.

这种句子在形式上是比较级，但在意义上是最高级。通常，同样的意思会有多种表达方式。

译：他是班上最高的学生。

①Of all the students in his class he is the tallest.

②He is taller than any other student in his class.

③He is taller than any of the other students in his class.

④He is taller than any of others in his class.

⑤He is taller than any one else in his class.

⑥He is taller than the others in his class.

但是，若比较双方不在同一范围内，就不需要用other来加以排除了。如：

Beijing is larger than any city in Africa. （北京不在非洲，故any后不用other。）

五、注意运用as ... as结构。

1. 在原级比较中，否定句可用not so （as） ... as，而肯定句只能用as ... as，这时，形容词或副词不用比较级，只用原级。如：

误：English is so useful as Chinese.

正：English is as useful as Chinese.

2. 使用not so （as） ... as时，如果句子谓语是实义动词，not应与do的相应形式连用，而不能直接用在谓语动词后。如：

误：He gets up not so （as） early as Tom.

正：He doesnt get up so （as） early as Tom.

3. not so （as） ... as可以和less than互换。

译：日语没有英语那样受欢迎。

①Japanese is not as popular as English.

②Japanese is not so popular as English.

③Japanese is less popular than English.

④English is more popular than Japanese.

4. as ... as中后一个as不能受汉语的影响而改为like或than。如：

误：Jim is not as careful like his brother.

正：Jim is not as careful as his brother.

误：This bag is as heavy than that one.

正：This bag is as heavy as that one.

5. as ... as后接人称代词时，正式文体中多用主格，非正式文体中多用宾格。但是，若代词后有动词，则只能用主格。如：

Tom is as old as I/me.

Tom is as old as I am.（不用me）

六、常用much，even，a little，still，a lot等表示程度的副词来修饰比较级，而very，to，so及quite（表示身体健康状况的quite，better除外），不可用来修饰比较级。如：

误：This box is very heavier than that one.

正：This box is much heavier than that one.

但是，当more用来修饰或替代复数名词时表示适度，需用many，a few或数词修饰，不用much，a little修饰。如：

误：I have much more books than you.

正：I have many more books than you.

七、以-ly结尾的副词比较级、最高级一般加more，most构成。

如：more carefully， most carefully， more slowly， most slowly，但early一词中的-ly不是词尾，不可加more，most，而应改y为i，再加-er，-est构成比较级和最高级。如：

误：Tom is always the most early one to get to school.

正：Tom is always the earliest one to get to school.

八、用“比较级+and+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”时，应注意形容词或副词为多音节时用“more and more+原级”，此结构不接than从句。如：

The worlds population is growing faster and faster.

Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.