罗康隆 刘明珠
【摘要】世代生息于云贵高原东南缘地区的民族众多,这些民族通过世代积累形成各具特色的生计方式,包括低山丘陵带的立体河网稻田建构、“稻鱼鸭”共生复合种养以及森林抚育的林粮间作等。这些传统生计方式对所处的自然与生态系统都能够做到高度适应。只需确保这些民族传统生计方式的传承、利用、有序推广和提升,就可以发挥对该地区水资源的维护功能,对江河下游的社会经济发展也会产生直接的影响。
【关键词】云贵高原东南缘;立体河网稻田;稻鱼鸭复合生计;林粮间作
【作者】罗康隆,吉首大学人类学与民族学研究所博士、教授;刘明珠,吉首大学师范学院硕士。湖南吉首,416000
【中图分类号】C95-05:Q988【文献标识码】A
【文章编号】1004-454X(2015)05-0051-008
A RESEARCH TO THE MAINTENANCE OF WATER
RESOURCE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PART
OF THE YUNNAN-GUIZHOU PLATEAU
Luo Kanglong,Liu Mingzhu
Abstract: Many ethnic groups inhabited in the southeastern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau for generations have accumulated their unique modes of livelihood,including the construction of spatial paddy fields along net of rivers, comprehensive livelihood of rice-growing, fish-farming and duck-feeding as well as food crop planting in forest etcThese traditional modes of livelihood are highly adaptable to the natural and ecological system where they exist. If only these traditional modes of livelihood are guaranteed to inherit, use, spread and improve,then they can play the maintenance function of water resource in the said region It will affect the social and economic development in the downstream region directly
Key Words: southeastern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau;spatial paddy fields along net of rivers;comprehensive livelihood of rice-growing,fish-farming and duck-feeding;food crop planting in forest
引言
地球表面的72%被水覆盖,但是淡水资源仅占所有水资源的075%,有近70%的淡水固定在南极和格陵兰的冰层中,其余多为土壤水分或深层地下水,不能被人类利用。地球上只有不到1%的淡水或约0007%的水可被人类直接利用,而中国人均淡水资源只占世界人均淡水资源的1/4。按年度人均水资源占有水平排序,中国在世界各国中排名第121位,中国淡水资源总量为28万亿立方米,占全球水资源总量的6%;是全球人均水资源最贫乏的国家之一。而且我国90%的城市地表水和70%以上的河流湖泊遭受到不同程度的污染;2000多万农村人口饮水困难,3亿多农民饮用水质量不达标。水资源的极度匮乏是我国必须面对的严峻事实。
生态问题,尤其是水资源问题,固然与技术、工程、政策、资金相关,但其根源在于文化,在于如何认识、处理人类社会与生物圈的关系。……