大规模多天线系统的技术展望

许森，张光辉，曹磊



大规模多天线系统的技术展望

许森，张光辉，曹磊

摘要：介绍多天线技术在3GPP中的标准演进，并分析当前3GPP标准中多天线技术的制约因素，结合当前无线通信系统的产业化发展现状，对于未来无线通信研究热点之一的大规模多天线技术进行探讨。

关键词：LTE；容量；大规模天线系统；5G

Five disruptive technology directions for 5G

Boccardi, F; Heath, RW; Lozano, A; et al.

Abstract:New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain. What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue. The spectrum crunch currently experienced by mobile cellular carriers makes the underutilized millimeter-wave frequency spectrum a sensible choice for next-generation cellular communications, particularly when considering the recent advances in low costbook=24,ebook=28sub-terahertz/millimeter-wave complementary metal-oxide semiconductor circuitry. To date, however, little is known on how to design or deploy practical millimeter-wave cellular systems. In this paper, measurements for outdoor cellular channels at 38 GHz were made in an urban environment with a broadband (800-MHz RF passband bandwidth) sliding correlator channel sounder. Extensive angle of arrival, path loss, and multipath time delay spread measurements were conducted for steerable beam antennas of differing gains and beamwidths for a wide variety of transmitter and receiver locations. Coverage outages and the likelihood of outage with steerable antennas were also measured to determine how random receiver locations with differing antenna gains and link budgets could perform in future cellular systems. This paper provides measurements and models that may be used to design future fifth-generation millimeter-wave cellularnetworks and gives insight into antenna beam steering algorithms for these systems. The fourth generation wireless communication systems have been deployed or are soon to be deployed in many countries. However, with an explosion of wireless mobile devices and services, there are still some challenges that cannot be accommodated even by 4G, such as the spectrum crisis and high energy consumption. Wireless system designers have been facing the continuously increasing demand for high data rates and mobility required by new wireless applications and therefore have started research on fifth generation wireless systems that are expected to be deployed beyond 2020. In this article, we propose a potential cellular architecture that separates indoor and outdoor scenarios, and discuss various promising technologies for 5G wireless communication systems, such as massive MIMO, energy-efficient communications, cognitive radio networks, and visible light communications. Future challenges facing these potential technologies are also discussed. The ever growing traffic explosion in mobile communications has recently drawn increased attention to the large amount of underutilized spectrum in the millimeter-wave frequency bands as a potentially viable solution for achieving tens to hundreds of times more capacity compared to current 4G cellular networks. Historically, mmWave bands were ruled out for cellular usage mainly due to concerns regarding short-range and non-line-of-sight coverage issues. In this article, we present recent results from channel measurement campaigns and the development of advanced algorithms and a prototype, which clearly demonstrate that the mmWave band may indeed be a worthy candidate for nextgeneration (5G) cellular systems. The results of channel measurements carried out in both the United States and Korea are summarized along with the actual free space propagation measurements in an anechoic chamber. Then a novel hybrid beamforming scheme and its link-and system-level simulation results are presented. Finally, recent results from our mmWave prototyping efforts along with indoor and outdoor test results are described to assert the feasibility of mmWave bands for cellular usage. METIS is the EU flagship 5G project with the objective of laying the foundation for 5G systems and building consensus prior to standardization. The METIS overall approach toward 5G builds on the evolution of existing technologies complemented by new radio concepts that are designed to meet the new and challenging requirements of use cases today's radio access networks cannot support. The integration of these new radio concepts, such as massive MIMO, ultra dense networks, moving networks, and device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications, will allow 5G to support the expected increase in mobile data volume while broadening the range of application domains that mobile communications can support beyond 2020. In this article, we describe the scenarios identified for the purpose of driving the 5G research direction. Furthermore, we give initial directions for the technology components (e.g., link level components, multi node/multi-antenna, multi-RAT, and multi-layer networks and spectrum handling) that will allow the fulfillment of thebook=25,ebook=29requirements of the identified 5G scenarios. This article explores network densification as the key mechanism for wireless evolution over the next decade. Network densification includes densification over space (e.g, dense deployment of small cells) and frequency (utilizing larger portions of radio spectrum in diverse bands). Large-scale cost-effective spatial densification is facilitated by self-organizing networks and inter-cell interference management. Full benefits of network densification can be realized only if it is complemented by backhaul densification, and advanced receivers capable of interference cancellation. Toward the fifth generation (5G) of wireless/mobile broadband, numerous devices and networks will be interconnected and traffic demand will constantly rise. Heterogeneity will also be a feature that is expected to characterize the emerging wireless world, as mixed usage of cells of diverse sizes and access points with different characteristics and technologies in an operating environment are necessary. Wireless networks pose specific requirements that need to be fulfilled. In this respect, approaches for introducing intelligence will be investigated by the research community. Intelligence shall provide energy- and cost-efficient solutions at which a certain application/service/quality provision is achieved. Particularly, the introduction of intelligence in heterogeneous network deployments and the cloud radio-access network (RAN) is investigated. Finally, elaboration on emerging enabling technologies for applying intelligence will focus on the recent concepts of software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). This article provided an overview for delivering intelligence toward the 5G of wireless/mobile broadband by taking into account the complex context of operation and essential requirements such as QoE, energy efficiency, cost efficiency, and resource efficiency. This article provides some fundamental indications about wireless communications beyond LTE/LTE-A (5G), representing the key findings of the European research project 5GNOW. We start with identifying the drivers for making the transition to 5G networks. Just to name one, the advent of the Internet of Things and its integration with conventional human-initiated transmissions creates a need for a fundamental system redesign. Then we make clear that the strict paradigm of synchronism and orthogonality as applied in LTE prevents efficiency and scalability. We challenge this paradigm and propose new key PHY layer technology components such as a unified frame structure, multicarrier waveform design including a filtering functionality, sparse signal processing mechanisms, a robustness framework, and transmissions with very short latency. These components enable indeed an efficient and scalable air interface supporting the highly varying set of requirements originating from the 5Gdrivers. In this article, we summarize the 5G mobile communication requirements and challenges. First, essential requirements for 5G are pointed out, including higher traffic volume, indoor or hotspot traffic, and spectrum, energy, and cost efficiency. Along with these changes of requirements, we present a potential step change for the evolution toward 5G, which shows that macro-local coexisting and coordinating paths will replace one macro-dominated path as in 4G and before. We hereafter discuss emerging technologies for 5G within international mobile telecommunications. Challenges and directions in hardware, including integrated circuits and passive components, are also discussed. Finally, a whole picture for the evolution to 5G is predicted and presented.

来源出版物：IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52(2): 74-80

被引频次：77

What will 5G be?

Andrews, JG; Buzzi, S; Choi, W; et al.

Keywords:cellular systems; energy efficiency; HetNets; massive MIMO; millimeter wave; small cells angle of arrival (AOA); beamforming antennas; cellular; fifth generation (5G); millimeter-wave propagation measurements; mobile communications; 38 GHz

来源出版物：IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2014, 32(6): 1065-1082

被引频次：53

Broadband millimeter-wave propagation measurements and models using adaptive-beam antennas for outdoor urban cellular communications

Rappaport, TS; Gutierrez, F; Ben Dor, E; et al.

来源出版物：IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2013, 61(4): 1850-1859

被引频次：49

Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks

Wang, CX ; Haider, F; Gao, XQ; et al.

来源出版物：IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52(2): 122-130

被引频次：48

Millimeter-wave beamforming as an enabling technology for 5G cellular communications: Theoretical feasibility and prototype results

Roh, W; Seol, JY; Park, J; et al.

来源出版物：IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52(2): 106-113

被引频次：47

Scenarios for 5G mobile and wireless communications: The vision of the METIS project

Osseiran, A; Boccardi, F; Braun, V; et al.

来源出版物：IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52(5): 26-35

被引频次：46

Network densification: The dominant theme for wireless evolution into 5G

Bhushan, N; Li, JY; Malladi, D; et al.

来源出版物：IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52(2): 82-89

被引频次：30

5G on the horizon: Key challenges for the radio-access network

Demestichas, P; Georgakopoulos, A; Karvounas, D; et al.

来源出版物：IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 2013, 8(3): 47-53

被引频次：27

5GNOW: Non-orthogonal, asynchronous waveforms for future mobile applications

Wunder, G; Jung, P; Kasparick, M; et al.

来源出版物：IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52(2): 97-105

被引频次：25

The requirements, challenges, and technologies for 5G of terrestrial mobile telecommunication

Chen, SZ; Zhao, J

来源出版物：IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52(5): 36-43

·推荐论文摘要·

来源出版物：电信技术, 2013 (12): 25-28

被引频次：79