明步骤、知规律，突破定语从句

贵州 岑耀坤

明步骤、知规律，突破定语从句

贵州 岑耀坤

一、专题演练

Dalian，__1_is a nice city by the sea，is a place_2_ you can often meet some foreigners.Last summer holiday，I went there for a trip with some of my friends，_3_are also my classmates.During our stay there，we seized every possible chance to speak English with the foreigners we met，most of__4_were quite friendly.They told us they had a wonderful time in Dalian，__5_，of course，made us feel proud of the great city._6_we all know，Dalian is so beautiful that it attracts a large number of tourists every year.People living there are warm-hearted and hard working.In short，I shall never forget the days__7_I stayed there with my friends.If you have time，go there for a trip and you will be given a warm welcome by the people there，__8_friendliness will surely leave you a deep impression.

【答案与解析】

1.which。用关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中替代先行词“Dalian”，作主语。

2.where。用关系副词where替代先行词“a place”，在从句中作地点状语，相当于in which。

3.who。用关系代词who替代先行词“my friends”，在非限制性定语从句中作主语。

4.whom。用关系代词whom替代先行词“the foreigners”，在“代词（some/ many/ all/ most/ both等）+of+whom”结构中引导定语从句。

5.which。用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，which替代整个主句的内容且在从句中充当主语，which可译为“这一点、这种情况”或不译。

6.As。用关系代词as引导位于主句前的非限制性定语从句，as指代后面整个主句内容且在从句中充当know的宾语。

7.when。用关系副词when替代先行词“the days”，在从句中作时间状语，相当于in/during which。

8.whose。用关系代词whose替代先行词“the people”，在从句中作定语，修饰从句主语friendliness。

二、用法指津

（一）明确定义、分解步骤

定语从句是在复合句中修饰主句里的某一名词或代词的从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词被称为先行词。引导定语从句的有关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和as；关系副词when，where和why。关系代词与关系副词在定语从句中均充当句子成分。

根据定语从句的上述定义，可将定语从句的解题步骤分解为：1.划分出主从句；2.在主句中找到先行词；3.把先行词代入到定语从句中；4.根据先行词在定语从句中充当的句子成分选用相应的关系代词或关系副词来引导定语从句。例如：

【典例】1.（改编自2015·四川卷·3）The books on the desk，_____covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

【解析】whose。该句中“The books on the desk are prizes for us”是主句；“_____covers are shiny”是从句。先行词是“the books”。将先行词代入从句为：the books’ covers are shiny。先行词在从句中作从句主语“covers”的定语。

【典例】2.（改编自2015·北京卷·24）Opposite is St.Paul’s Church，______you can hear some lovely music.

【解析】where。该句中“Opposite is St.Paul’s Church”是主句；“_____you can hear some lovely music”是从句。先行词是“St.Paul’s Church”。将先行词代入从句为：You can hear some lovely music in St.Paul’s Church。若先行词在从句中添加了介词in后作地点状语，则用关系副词where引导从句，相当于in which。

（二）分清指代关系，用准关系代词

引导定语从句的关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose和as。其中that的先行词可指人或物，但that不能引导非限制性定语从句。that和which的先行词指事物，它们在从句中作主语或宾语（限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略）；who和that的先行词指人时，它们在从句中作主语；whom和that的先行词指人时，它们在从句中作宾语（限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略）；whose的先行词指人或物，它在从句中作定语；as引导限制性定语从句时在从句中作主语或宾语，但其先行词前通常有the same或such等词修饰。例如：

1.Anyone who/that breaks the law shall be punished.（关系代词在从句中作主语）

2.Shakespeare，a man of little education，wrote plays and poems that/which are read all over the world.（关系代词在从句中作主语）

3.Have you red the books （that/which）I gave to you？（关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语）

4.The book was written by Joseph’s wife，Jennifer，whom he married in 2014.（关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语）

5.The film tells the story of a man，whose job is to deliver letters on foot to the far-away villages.（关系代词在从句中作定语）

6.These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.（关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，先行词前有such修饰）

（三）先行词前介词添，关系副词空位填

引导定语从句的关系副词有when，where和why。when的先行词均为表示时间的名词，当把先行词代入从句中需添加相应的介词作时间状语时，用when引导从句，故when也可用“介词+which”替换。where的先行词均为表示地点的名词（也可是case，situation，business，job，activity，atmosphere等表示抽象意义的地点名词），当把先行词代入从句中需添加相应的介词作地点状语时，用where引导从句，也可用“介词+which”替换。why的先行词只能是名词reason，且当把先行词代入从句中需添加介词for作原因状语时，用why引导从句。例如：

1.As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.（2015·陕西卷·15）（when=in/during which）

2.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.（2015·天津卷·15）（where=in which）

3.He got himself into a difficult situation where he must make a final decision.（where=in which）

4.I didn’t know the reason why the youth believed the rumor about the end of the world.（why=for which）

注意：当表示时间、地点、原因的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语（即代入从句中无需添加介词）时，仍用that或which引导定语从句。例如：

1.I will remember the days （that/which）we spent together on the farm.

2.It is a truly delightful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（2015·湖南卷·29）

3.I don’t believe the reason （that/which）she explained to us just now.

（四）as与which，特殊用法值得记

关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代整个主句，也可指代主句中的某一成分，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。可译为“这一点、这种情况”或不译。引导位于主句前的非限制性定语从句时只能用as，不可用which。as引导非限制性定语从句时，意为“正如；就像”，但which不可以。当定语从句位于主句之后时，若关系代词作主语，从句是“主谓宾”或“主谓宾+宾语补足语”结构时，从句此时多用which引导。例如：

1.As is reported in the newspapers，talks between the two countries are making progress.（as引导位于句首的非限制性定语从句，指代后面主句的内容且在从句中作主语）

2.The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.（2015·江苏卷·21）（as引导位于主句中的非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容且在从句中作主语）

3.Most of the roads were covered with thick snow，which made our journey more difficult.（which指代主句的内容，在从句中作主语，从句是“主谓宾+宾语补足语”结构）

4.China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.（2015·福建卷·34）（which指代主句的内容，在从句中作主语，从句是“主谓宾”结构）

5.Her sister has become a lawyer，which she wanted to be.（which指代主句中的部分内容“a lawyer”，在非限制性定语从句中作表语）

（五）“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，用法正式应知形式

“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，若先行词指事物，关系代词用which；若先行词指人，则关系代词用whom；若先行词代入从句中作定语，则用关系代词whose。其表现形式有：

1.“介词+which/whom”。例如：

（1）Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.（2015·安徽卷·28）

（2）Our parents are often the persons to whom we can turn for help when we get into trouble.

2.“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which/whom+the+名词”，两者可换用“whose+名词”。例如：

Don’t get too close to the house，of which the roof is under repair.

= Don’t get too close to the house，the roof of which is under repair.

= Don’t get too close to the house，whose roof is under repair.

3.“代词+ of which/whom”，也可用“of which/ whom+代词”，常用代词有both，all，some，many，most，none，either等。例如：

（1）The event was organized by two people，neither of whom is a professional.

（2）She has written two novels，of which both have been made into television series.

4.“ 数 词+of which/whom”， 也 可 用“of which/ whom+数词”。例如：

（1）He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.（2015·重庆卷·14）

（2）She has four children，of whom only one still lives with her.

5.“介词+whose+名词”。例如：

（1）He is the teacher with whose help we have made rapid progress.

（2）At this time of last year，part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，from whose effects the people are still suffering.

6.“介词+which+名词”，常见的有：in which case， during which time，by which time等。例如：

（1）He may win the competition，in which case he is likely to get into the national team.

（2）We stayed with the exchange students from America for six months，during which time we learned a lot from each other.

7.“the+形容词比较级/最高级+of which/whom”或“of which/whom+the+形容词比较级/最高级”。例如：

（1）China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.

（2）There were two buildings，the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet high.

8.“复合介词+which/whom”。例如：

（1）We came to a house，in front of which sat a small boy，who was cutting a branch.

（2）Entering the campus，we saw a tall school building，on top of which flew a red flag.

（作者单位：贵州省六枝特区六盘水市第二中学）