优秀女子标枪运动员张莉备战亚运会赛前减量训练安排研究

王立冬

摘 要：当今越来越多运动员、教练员以及体育科学工作者意识到赛前减量（taper）在备战大赛前的关键作用，而对于个人最佳的赛前减量措施却很少有人了解。通过文献资料法、跟踪法及访谈法对张莉备战仁川亚运会赛前的训练计划进行分析。运用训练学相关理论对其力量、负荷、技术、训练课安排与要求进行详细阐述，并总结外教训练特点，对张莉赛前减量训练方面进行探讨和研究，总结女子标枪运动员赛前训练特征，探讨标枪赛前训练调控的规律。研究结果表明，此次张莉赛前减量时间为15天，赛前减量模式为慢指数型；减量阶段训练内容与减量前相一致，训练手段有所缩减；减量阶段训练负荷表现为负荷量降低负荷强度文中有升；减量阶段主要内容为室外投掷训练课，综合训练课保持稳定，专项力量训练课降低13%，室外投掷训练增加18%，此外训练课质量的保证是张莉取得优异成绩的不可或缺因素。

关键词：女子标枪；张莉；赛前训练；亚运会；赛前减量

中图分类号：G824.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2076（2016）01-0075-06

Abstract：Most athletes， coaches and sport scientists are aware of the key role of the taper in the preparation for competition， but few are certain about the most suitable tapering strategies for their individual needs. By using the methods of literature review， tracing and interview， an analysis was made on the tapering training arrangement of female elite javelin thrower Zhang Li. Based on the theory of sports training， the arrangement of strength， work load， technique and training lessons are detailed， and the training characteristics of female elite javelin throwers are summarized. The result shows that duration of the taper for Zhang is about 15 days， tapering model belongs to exponential taper （slow decay）； during taper training stage， training content is consistent with pre-competition， only with specific training method is reduced； the training load during tapering stage shows that training volume is decreased significantly and training intensity is going up steadily； training content mainly include comprehensive training， throwing lessons and specific strength training， comprehensive lesson keep stable， specific strength lessons decreased by 13%， throwing lessons increase by 18%， meanwhile， training quality is a key parameter to achieve good performance for Zhang.

Key words： female javelin； Zhang Li； pre-competition； Asian Games； taper

赛前训练是运动员在参加重大比赛前，为创造优异成绩所做的专门性训练过程[1]，而作为重大比赛前的一个重要阶段，赛前减量训练无疑会对比赛起到决定性作用，成为教练员训练计划中对运动员表现具有决定性的一个重要环节。国内外许多教练员、运动医学研究人员都致力于推动运动员适应性以及训练负荷以求在重大比赛中表现出最佳水平，一个良好的赛前减量训练计划可以使运动员在前面训练中所产生的生理及心理适应得到最佳释放，甚至促进运动员产生进一步的适应[2]。……