闫跃
英语中的部分副词可以充当句子中的主语或介词宾语,从而在句法上具备了名词的某种用法。这种“副词名用”的结构有别于主语和宾语通常由名词担任的传统认知,本文对该类常见副词作了梳理和分类。
[副词用作主语]
在某些有限的语境中,一些在句子中通常起状语作用的副词可充当主语,相当于一个名词,有的甚至已经兼具名词词性,表示时间、地点或方式。
Now is the time/moment to tell them the truth. 现在是告诉他们真相的时候了。
Today will be fine. (= It/The weather will be fine today.) 今天天气将会不错。
Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient. 明天是最合适的时间。
Here was where the accident took place. 正是在这里发生的那次事故。
Home is where your family and friends are. 家是亲属与友人之所在。
Together is how mountains are moved. Together is how small people make a big difference. 团结一致可移山。团结能使小人物有大不同。
Carefully/Slowly/Gently/Easy does it. 小心就行/慢慢来/慢点吧/悠着点。(注意:该结构句首的作主语的方式副词不能用介词短语替换,谓语部分的does it的形式也不可改变。比如:不可说With care does it或Carefully did it。)
起主语作用的副词看作单数,并且根据句子所要表达的含义,某些作主语的副词可以拓展为一个名词短语或非限定动词结构,如:
Out on the lake will be splendid. (=A trip out on the lake will be splendid.) 到湖上去一定棒极了。
Slowly is exactly how he speaks. (=Speaking slowly is exactly how he speaks.) 慢条斯理(地讲话)恰恰是他讲话的方式。
[副词用作介词宾语]
“副词名用”的典型情况是副词用作介词的宾语。英语中有相当一部分表示时间和地点的副词可以用作特定介词的宾语,再由二者构成的介词短语充当句子中的状语或表语成分。
1. 时间副词用作介词宾语
Sonia should be home by/before now. Do you think shes had an accident? 索尼亚这个时候应该到家了,你说她会不会出什么事了?
Thats enough talk for now. Take a break and well try again after lunch. 暂时说到这里。休息一下,我们午饭后再继续。
I hope we will have finished by/before then. 我希望到那时/还不到那时我们就已经做完了。……