顾凌云
内容摘要:唐律严禁民间随意买卖土地。文章通过对敦煌吐鲁番出土契约的考察,发现唐前期民间存在变相买卖和地下买卖两种隐秘的土地买卖方式,表明官府严格执行土地买卖禁令,禁令存在一定的实际效力;中唐以后,民间土地买卖频繁发生,表明禁令的实效逐渐消失,不过民间仍对禁令心存顾虑,往往在土地买卖契约中设置反恩赦条款加以预防。官府对土地买卖缺乏有效的监控手段与民间正当的买卖需求难以抑制是禁令实效消失的主要原因。
关键词:契约;土地买卖禁令;禁令实效;敦煌;吐鲁番
中图分类号:G256.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2016)03-0074-06
Abstract: Private land sale was prohibited by the laws of the Tang Dynasty. According to unearthed civil contracts from Dunhuang and Turpan, there were two ways to sell land in the early Tang dynasty: disguised sale and underground sale. This indicates that in this period the official prohibition on selling land was strictly followed and was effective to some extent. The increasing frequency of private land sales during the middle of the Tang dynasty reflected the growing invalidity of the prohibition, and the“anti-amnesty”articles added to contracts reveals that people still remained cautious about this ban. A lack of effective monitoring methods and the unquenchable need for private land sales are the main reasons for the gradual subversion of the prohibition.
Keywords: contracts; land sale prohibition; practical effectiveness of the prohibition; Dunhuang; Turpan
土地作为农耕时代最重要的生产资料,其占有、使用、买卖状况向来为统治者所高度关注。李唐王朝对土地买卖实行严控政策,唐律规定“诸卖口分田者,一亩笞十,二十亩加一等,罪止杖一百;地还本主,财没不追”。可以不用此律而“即应合卖者”,疏议中一一列明:“永业田家贫卖供葬,及口分田卖充宅及碾硙、邸店之类,狭乡乐迁就宽者,准令并许卖之。其赐田欲卖者,亦不在禁限。其五品以上若勋官,永业地亦并听卖。”[1]可见对普通百姓来说,无论口分田还是永业田,都不能轻易出卖,除非存在供葬、迁乡等法定事由,此外即为非法。
上揭唐律不妨称之为“民间土地买卖禁令”。关于该禁令的实际效力(简称“实效”)问题,即禁令是否确实对唐代民间的土地买卖存在约束力,由于传世文献中相关记录极为罕见,历来学者殊少关注。……