农业面源氨氮污染减排体系的构建及减排控制对策

王凤鹭 杜慧玲 李晶等

摘要在构建农业面源氨氮减排指标体系及介绍排放量计算方法的基础上，以黑龙江松花江流域为例，估算了“十二五”期间该地农业源氨氮排放量，结果表明：畜禽养殖和农村生活是氨氮污染的主要来源，排放量分别占35.33%和35.52%；以农田种植的氨氮入河量最大，占45.31%，农村生活的氨氮入河量最小，仅占8.36%。最后通过分析其减排能力，从加强规模化畜禽养殖污染治理，科学合理施用化肥，加大水土流矢治理力度，加强农村环境综合整治几方面提出了控制氨氮污染的对策。

关键词松花江流域；氨氮减排；农业面源

中图分类号S181文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611（2016）04-077-03

Establishment of Reduction System of Agricultural Nonpoint Source Ammonia Nitrogen Pollution and Countermeasures for Emission Reduction ——A Case of Songhua River Basin， Heilongjiang Province

WANG Fenglu， DU Huiling， LI Jing et al （Heilongjiang Academy of Environmental Sciences， Harbin， Heilongjiang 150056）

AbstractBased on establishing the reduction system of agricultural nonpoint source ammonia nitrogen pollution and introducing the emission calculation method， agricultural source ammonia nitrogen emission was introduced in the 12th FiveYear Plan period， with Songhua River basin of Heilongjiang Province as the research material. Result showed that livestock breeding and rural life were the main sources of ammonia nitrogen pollution， the emission accounted for 35.33% and 35.52%， respectively. Farmland planting was the main source of ammonia nitrogen river pollution， accounted for 45.31%； but rural life has the minimum emission， occupying only 8.36%. Finally， by analyzing the pollution reduction capability， countermeasures were put forward， such as strengthening the management of largescale livestock breeding pollution， scientific and rational application of fertilizer， enhancing the control of water and soil loss， and promoting the comprehensive improvement of the rural environment.

Key wordsSonghua River basin； Ammonia nitrogen emission reduction； Agricultural nonpoint source

目前，我國氨氮污染排放量已超出受纳水体的环境容量，氨氮污染会威胁饮用水安全，危害鱼类等水体动物，导致水体富营养化，造成湖泊生态系统恶性循环。“十二五”期间国家将氨氮作为新的约束性指标，并纳入污染物总量控制指标体系。在实施氨氮减排过程中，控制农业面源污染是当务之急。目前，国外发达国家针对农业面源污染主要采用技术和经济手段加以控制，取得了一定的效果[1]。我国农业面源污染主要体现在农药和化肥的大量施用，畜禽粪便未做资源化利用，两岸水土流失严重以及生活垃圾进入水体等方面[2-3]。我国主要采用总量控制的方法来限制污染排放，但主要集中于工业和生活点源污染控制方面，对农业面源的定量化减排核算涉及较少[4]。松花江流域……