TC轴承激光增材制造工艺及组织性能研究

2016-11-10 00:57杨胶溪王艳芳
材料工程 2016年7期
关键词:盐雾轴套磨粒

杨胶溪,胡 星,王艳芳

(北京工业大学 激光工程研究院,北京 100124)



TC轴承激光增材制造工艺及组织性能研究

杨胶溪,胡星,王艳芳

(北京工业大学 激光工程研究院,北京 100124)

为解决常规方法制备TC轴承带来的磨损不均问题,提高TC轴承服役寿命,采用激光增材制造方法在钢制零件基体表面制备耐磨涂层。选用两套不同工艺参数分别在TC轴承内轴套外圆、外轴套内孔进行Cr3C2/Fe基耐磨材料的激光熔覆,获得了无气孔、裂纹且冶金质量优良的耐磨涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)检测分析手段进行形貌观察、成分分析、物相表征,并使用数字显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、盐雾腐蚀实验箱分别对熔覆层进行硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性进行测试。结果表明:TC轴承耐磨涂层的平均显微硬度为HV700,耐磨性为Ni60涂层的3倍,耐腐蚀性接近于316L不锈钢。

激光熔覆;TC轴承;铁基碳化铬合金; 组织与性能

螺杆钻具是石油钻井中应用最广泛的井下动力工具之一。TC轴承位于其传动部分,是影响螺杆钻具寿命的关键部件[1,2]。TC轴承分为内、外轴承套,内轴套与传动轴配合并锁紧,外轴套与井下动力钻具壳体装配一起,二者配合形成工作面,主要功能是将马达的扭矩和转速传递给钻头。工作过程中,TC轴承受到万向轴承和钻头的轴向和径向力,内轴套存在绕外轴套偏心运动趋势。TC轴承正常失效形式是圆筒形层磨损[3]。由于长期承受含砂井液的冲蚀,因此要求具有良好的耐磨耐蚀性。

目前,常规制备方法是采用高温烧结技术,即在内外轴承表面镶嵌硬质合金块与焊料、添加物高温烧结而成。由于硬质合金块之间钎料硬度相对较软,先于硬质合金块磨损,TC轴承内外轴套之间存在磨损不均匀,硬质块易剥落等问题,造成TC轴承的提前失效与报废。

1 实验材料和方法

实验所用材料为Cr3C2/Fe合金复合粉末,基材为42CrMo合金钢,化学成分见表1。其中Cr3C2/Fe合金复合粉末由Fe基自溶性粉末及30%(质量分数,下同)Cr3C2和5%WC组成,Fe基粉末粒度范围为-140~+325目,Cr3C2粒度范围为-120~+140目,WC粒度范围在-100~+140目。

表1 实验材料化学成分(质量分数/%)Table 1 Chemical composition of experiment material(mass fraction/%)

如图1所示,采用Trumpf 6000W快速轴流CO2激光器,同步送粉方式在TC轴承外轴套内孔、内轴套外圆熔覆Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层。将TC轴承内、外轴套固定于回旋转台,选用不同的工作头对内轴套外圆、外轴套内孔激光熔覆Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层。内轴套外圆激光熔覆输出功率为1.8kW,光束扫描速率为240mm/min,光斑尺寸为4mm,保护气流量范围在8L/min,搭接为50%。外轴套内孔激光熔覆输出功率为1.08kW,光束扫描速率为150mm/min,光斑尺寸为2mm,激光熔覆过程采用流量为8L/min氩气保护,搭接为50%。对成形试样线切割,研磨抛光,采用王水腐蚀1min。采用扫描电镜观察涂层组织形貌,采用XRD判断涂层中主要物相,并用EDS确定涂层中各成分含量。为考察涂层力学性能,对涂层进行硬度测试。测试两点间隔为50μm,载荷200g加载时间10s。采用MMG-10端面摩擦磨损试验机测试并评价涂层的耐磨性能,磨料为-200目SiC,载荷条件为100N,主轴转速为100r/min。采用盐雾腐蚀的方法评价涂层材料的耐腐蚀性。执行标准为GB/T10125—1997《人造气氛腐蚀实验:盐雾实验》,实验所用腐蚀溶液为NaCl中性溶液,质量浓度为5%±0.1%,pH值为6.5~7.2。实验箱温度为(35±2)℃,进气压力设定为0.38MPa,喷雾器压力设定为0.18MPa,喷雾量为每80cm2的收集量为1.5mL/h。

图1 实验过程 (a)TC内轴套;(b)TC外轴套Fig.1 Process of the experiment (a)inner-sleeve of TC bearing;(b)outer-sleeve of TC bearing

2 结果与分析

2.1组织结构分析

2.1.1涂层组织形貌

图2 Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层SEM形貌 (a)涂层与基材界面;(b)等轴晶;(c)Cr7C3;(d)共晶组织Fig.2 SEM morphology of Cr3C2/Fe composite coating (a)interface between coating and substrate; (b)equiax crystal;(c) Cr7C3;(d) eutectic structure

2.1.2涂层物相分析

图3 Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层XRD图Fig.3 XRD pattern of Cr3C2/Fe composite coating

图3所示为Cr3C2/Fe涂层的X射线衍射图,与前面形貌分析相比,涂层中物相组成颇为复杂。主要物相有Cr3C2,α-Fe,Cr7C3,γ-Fe,Cr23C6等。XRD并没有检测到Fe3W3C相,可能因为该物相在涂层中含量较少,或检测深度不够。Cr元素具有封闭γ相区的作用,但在激光熔池快速凝固过程中减弱了γ-Fe向α-Fe的转变。

2.2性能测试

2.2.1涂层截面硬度变化

图4 Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层显微硬度曲线Fig.4 Micro-hardness curve of Cr3C2/Fe composite coating

图4为Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层显微硬度曲线,由硬度分布曲线表明,涂层的平均硬度达到HV700(图4中虚线内硬度的平均值),涂层与界面硬度呈梯度过渡。复合涂层硬度的提高可以归结为两个原因:一方面Cr3C2溶解得到的C,Cr在枝晶中的固溶,增强了固溶强化效果以及重新凝固过程中生成共晶碳化物的第二相强化作用;另一方面形成的铬的碳化物等对涂层组织起到细晶强化、弥散强化、硬质相强化等综合作用,使得Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层的硬度提高。

2.2.2涂层磨粒磨损实验

图5所示为Ni60试样与Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层的磨粒磨损形貌对比。可以看出Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层表面存在一些轻微的犁痕。Ni60样品表面塑形变形较大,且发生了材料迁移。从磨损的形貌可以推测出试样不同的磨损机制。Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层为典型的磨粒磨损。磨粒磨损过程既含有微观切削,又包括塑形挤压变形剥落[18,19]。Ni60样品不仅含有磨粒磨损,而且伴随着黏着磨损。摩擦磨损性与涂层中组织形貌密不可分。Ni60样品韧性较好,具有较好的抗磨损性能。在摩擦磨损过程中,金属表面微凸体在法向载荷作用下,在接触界面发生塑形变形,在相对滑动过程中形成粘接点,粘接点受剪切力的作用使材料发生了迁移。Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层主要的组织为α-Fe与Cr7C3的共晶。长条状的Cr7C3碳化物可以帮助α-Fe基体有效抵抗塑形变形,阻止磨粒的微观切削。而韧性相α-Fe可以对硬的碳化物起到依托和支撑作用。试样质量损失如表2所示,Cr3C2/Fe磨损的质量损失只有Ni60合金涂层的1/3。

图5 磨损后样品SEM形貌 (a),(b)Ni60;(c),(d)Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层Fig.5 SEM morphology of the wear scar (a),(b)Ni60;(c),(d)Cr3C2/Fe composite coating表2 磨粒磨损实验数据Table 2 Experimental data of abrasive wear

SampleTestforce/NWeartime/sWearmassloss/gWearrate/(10-7g·N-1·s-1)Ni6010036000.365938.0302Cr3C2/Fe10036000.138339.9646

2.2.3涂层盐雾腐蚀实验

通过观察样品在盐雾腐蚀环境中168h后的增重衡量其耐腐蚀性能,各样品的增重情况如表3所示。样品腐蚀部位主要发生在涂层表面有缺陷和镶嵌样品边缘。盐雾对样品表面的腐蚀主要是由于盐雾中电解的氯离子造成。氯离子具有强烈的穿透本领,很容易穿透样品表面氧化层和内部金属发生电化学反应,引起腐蚀。

表3 盐雾腐蚀实验数据Table 3 Experimental data of salt spray test

图6所示为316L 样品和Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层样品耐腐性能对比,复合涂层具有与316L不锈钢相近的耐腐蚀性。这主要由于涂层基体中固溶了大量的Cr(约为24.6%),所以涂层耐腐蚀性能明显提高。图7为复合涂层腐蚀后的样品的X射线衍射图,由图可知,腐蚀后样品中主要物相为α-Fe,Cr7C3,γ-Fe,Cr23C6,Cr3C2,Fe2SiO4,FeCl2。铁氧化物的存在表明腐蚀同时发生了氧化反应。

图6 盐雾腐蚀后样品的形貌 (a)316L;(b)Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层Fig.6 Morphology of salt spray corroded samples (a)316L;(b)Cr3C2/Fe composite coating

图7 盐雾腐蚀过的样品XRD图Fig.7 XRD pattern of the corroded sample

3 结论

(1)采用激光熔覆技术在TC轴承内轴套外圆、外轴套内孔制备Cr3C2/Fe耐磨复合涂层,涂层与基材界面平直,冶金结合,涂层内无明显裂纹、气孔。

(2)Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层为典型的过共晶组织形貌,主要物相有Cr3C2,α-Fe,Cr7C3,γ-Fe,Cr23C6等。添加Cr3C2之后,涂层组织得到明显细化,杆状Cr7C3和块状Cr23C6碳化物的生成提高了涂层的硬度和耐磨性。

(3)经显微硬度、磨粒磨损、盐雾腐蚀实验表明,TC轴承激光熔覆Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层获得了良好的综合性能,其平均显微硬度为HV700,耐磨性为Ni基涂层的3倍,耐腐蚀性接近于316L不锈钢。

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Microstructure and Properties of Laser Additive Manufacturing TC Bearing

YANG Jiao-xi,HU Xing,WANG Yan-fang

(Institute of Laser Engineering,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China)

In order to solve the problem of uneven wear of TC bearing that conventional method brought and improve its service life,wear-resistant coating was fabricated on the surface of steel parts matrix with the method of laser additive manufacture. The Cr3C2/Fe based alloy was deposited by laser cladding technique on the inner-sleeve cylindrical and outer-sleeve bore of TC bearing with two different process parameters. The high-performance coating was obtained respectively, of cracks free,no pores and with good metallurgical quality. The morphology of the laser cladding coating was observed by scanning electronic microscope (SEM),the composition was analyzed by EDS,the phase transformation was characterized by XRD. The wear resistance,corrosion resistance and hardness of the laser cladding layer were tested by friction and wear tester,salt spray test chamber and digital micro-hardness tester respectively. The results show that the average micro-hardness of composite coating is HV700. The wear resistance of the composite coating is about 3 times as much as the Ni-based alloy. The corrosion resistance is close to 316L stainless steel.

laser additive manufacturing;TC bearing;Cr3C2/Fe-base alloy;microstructure and property

10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2016.07.011

TG174.44

A

1001-4381(2016)07-0061-06

国家973计划(2011CB606365-3);国家自然科学基金(50971004);研究生创新平台建设(101000543214524)

2014-10-22;

2015-10-24

杨胶溪(1971-),男,副教授,博士,主要从事激光熔覆成形技术的研究及应用,联系地址:北京朝阳区平乐园100号北京工业大学激光工程研究院(100124),E-mail: yangjiaoxi@bjut.edu.cn

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