准入规制与经济增长：基于跨国面板数据的分析

陈俊营+方俊智

摘 要：随着我国经济增长进入新常态，我国提出大众创业、万众创新战略以激发市场活力，而良好的制度环境是保证企业家创业创新的关键。准入规制是决定企业家创业的重要因素，探明准入规制与经济增长的关系对政策推行有较大的借鉴意义。利用世界银行营商环境报告2008—2013年181个国家和地区的面板数据，就准入规制与经济增长的关系进行检验。结果表明：无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，都存在着较高的企业进入成本，发展中国家企业面临更高的进入障碍；动态面板模型估计结果发现，准入规制显著地降低了各国的平均GDP增长率，且发达国家的准入规制对经济增长的抑制作用更为明显。因此，进一步优化营商制度环境，降低企业进入成本，将能够激发经济增长新的活力。

关键词：准入规制；营商环境；经济增长；创新创业；进入成本

中图分类号：F062.9文献标志码：A 文章编号：1671-1254（2016）06-0060-09

Abstract：As Chinas economic growth enters the stage of new normal， China put forward strategy of mass entrepreneurship and innovation to trigger the market vitality. The good institutional environment is a key to guarantee entrepreneurship and innovation， and entry regulation is the important factor determining the entrepreneurship of entrepreneurs. Therefore， investigation the relationship between entry regulation and economic growth is the most significance for policy promotion. Research has been conducted on the relationship between entry regulation and economic growth with panel data of 181 countries and regions from 2008 to 2013 in World Bank Business Environment Report. The result indicates that there is high access cost for enterprises in both developed and developing countries. Enterprises in developing countries are facing with higher entry barrier. The estimated result of dynamic panel mode indicates that access rules decrease the growth of average GDP of countries significantly， and the access rules of developed countries have more obvious inhibiting effect on economic growth. Therefore， further improvement of business environment and decreasing of access cost for enterprises can trigger the new vitality of economic growth.

Keywords：entry regulation； business environment； economic growth；

innovation and entrepreneurship； entry cost

一、问题的提出

过去几十年，经济增长理论试图从资本积累、技术和人力资本等角度来解释各国经济增长的差异，虽然这些解释给出了一些深刻洞见，但似乎没能从根本上解释各国的经济增长机制。随着制度变量的可量化，大量文献从实证角度研究了制度与经济增长的关系。其中，Hall and Jones最早收集了127个国家的数据，构建了一个反应各国制度特征的“社会基础设施指数”指标，结论表明，良好的制度体系能够解释各国劳动生产率的长期差异[1]。Acemoglu and Johnson发现产权保护对长期经济增长、投资和金融发展都起到了积极促进作用，契约执行对金融中介发展有影响[2]949。……