宋文+肖洋
摘 要:中国古代建筑生来就是有机的,从上古时期挖穴筑木;到原始社会竹篱茅舍;到奴隶社会高榭台、美宫室;到封建社会碧瓦朱甍、高堂广厦,随着时代的变迁和人类文明的进步,其建筑形制的更迭与变化在各个历史阶段形成了鲜明的时代特征。对此,文章从后世的复原遗址、专家著作及现存史料典籍中略窥一斑,梳理成章使之成为一种有脉络可寻的理论参考。
关键词:中国古代建筑;土木结构;形制演变
检 索:www.artdesign.org.cn
中图分类号:TU 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1008-2832(2016)11-0093-03
The Origin and Evolution for Chinese Ancient Architecture Form
SONG Wen,XIAO Yang(Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China )
Abstract :Ancient architecture in china is born in the organic.In ancient times,human beings dug holes to protect themselves, and then, they learn how to build a thatched cottage in the primitive society. After that ,there is slave society,and beautiful palaces appeared.High buildings and large mansions then appeared in feudal society. Along with the changes of the times and the progress of human civilization, architectures in different historical stages formed a distinct characteristics of the times. This paper as a theory reference was accomplished by collecting metarials such as excavated sites,expert works,existing historical records.
Key words :Chinese ancient architecture; civil structure; shape evolution;
Internet :www.artdesign.org.cn
一、前言
中国古代建筑生来就是有机的,不仅因其立于“天人合一”、人为与天命相依、顺天造物等和谐理念之上,而且因其自然的材料和结构大量建筑以土木为主辅以砖瓦。《尚书·大义》中记载:“水火者,百姓之所饮食也;金木者,百姓之所兴作也;土者,万物之所资生也;是为人用”,可见万物之母乃土也;木者,水土之精华也。因此建筑在动土伊始便是有生命的存在,成为人类生存、繁衍、生命延续的一部分,这种以土木材料为主的建筑方式前后历经了原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会三个阶段形成一种独特而纯粹的木构系统建筑,数千年来一脉相承都没有遽变或渗杂的迹象。然而这种土木结构的建筑因其材料的特殊性和局限性难以完整地留世长存,“中国建筑之原始,究起之何时,殆将永远笼罩于史前之玄迷中。地面所遗实物,其最古者,虽待考之先秦土垣残基之类,已属凤毛麟角,次者如汉唐石阙砖塔,不止年代较近,且亦非可以居止之殿堂” ①。……