两种非谓语动词的区别

2017-02-10 17:06韩天福
中学生英语·阅读与写作 2017年1期
关键词:动名词小姑娘谓语

韩天福

非谓语动词也就是非限定动词,它包括动词不定式、动名词和分词,在句中它不能单独充当谓语,无人称和数的变化形式,下面主要是动词不定式和动名词的区别用法。

一、动词不定式,由to+动词原形构成。

1. 带to的动词不定式或短语在句中作宾语或宾语补足语,这些动词主要有ask, decide, learn, wish, want, tell, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, wish, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, would like等。

注意:带to 的动词不定式(短语)的否定形式是在to的前面加not。而有些动词不定式(短语)在句中可作状语、表语、定语等。

例如:

Our teachers usually tell us to pay more attention to traffic safety. (老师常告诫我们要注意交通安全。)

The poor mother decided not to keep her daughter away from school. (这个贫穷的妈妈决定不让她女儿辍学。)

The little girl learned to play the violin when she was 4 years old. (那个小姑娘4岁时就学会拉小提琴了。)

The teacher told us not to copy others homework. (老师告诉我们不要抄袭别人的作业。)

The little boy wants to major in English language in Australia when he grows up. (这个小男孩长大后想去澳大利亚专修英语。)

I wish her to make a great achievement in learning all the subjects. (我希望她在各科学习上取得辉煌成绩。)

The policeman jumped into the river to save the girl at once as soon as he saw her. (那个警察一看到那个姑娘就立刻跳到河里去救她。)

Boys and girls, be/make sure to finish your homework on time. (同学们,请务必按时完成作业。)

Han Mei is the only girl to win the first prize in the English Olympic Competition all over the city this year. (韩梅是我们全市今年唯一获得奥林匹克英语竞赛第一名的姑娘。)

2. 不带to的动词不定式(短语)也就是我们所说的感官动词和使役动词构成的动词不定式。在复合宾语中要省去不定式to,但其用法只限于主动语态,在被动语态中to则不省,即:“一感feel,二听hear,listen to,三让let,have,make,四看see,watch,notice,observe,半帮助help”。例如:

The boy saw the traffic accident happen when he was walking past the corner of the road. (这孩子路过公路拐角处时看到交通事故发生了。)

The patient felt his heart beat faster and faster. (那个病人感觉他的心脏跳得越来越快。)

We heard the little girl play the piano in the next room. (主动语态) =The girl was heard to play the piano (by us) in the next room. (被动语态) (我们听到那小姑娘在隔壁房间弹钢琴。)

3. 在had better 后面跟不带to的动词不定式(短语)。例如:

Youd better not look out of the window in class. (课堂上你最好不要向窗外看。)

Youd better go sightseeing in the countryside during the summer holiday. (暑假期间你最好去乡下观光旅游。)

4. 在以why开头的省略句子中,其后跟不带to的动词不定式(短语)。例如:

Hello, everybody!Why not go out and relax yourself after class? (同学们,下课后为什么不出去放松一下?)

The math problem is too difficult. Why not ask the teacher for help? (这道数学题太难了,为什么不请教老师呢?)

二、动名词,由动词+ing构成。

1. 在某些动词或短语动词后接动名词作宾语,这些动词或短语动词有:allow, avoid, be busy, be worth, cant help, consider, discuss, enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine,keep(on), look forward to, mind, miss, pay attention to, practice, put off, stand, suggest (in), have difficulty/trouble/fun, a good (hard) time (in), be against, be good at, be poor (weak) in, end up, sb. spends time (in), find amusement (in), what (how) about, stop... from doing sth.。

例如:

You are supposed to practice speaking English in and out of class as much as possible. (你们应该尽可能在课堂内外多说英语。)

We should pay more attention to listening to the teachers carefully in class. (我们应该更加注意在课堂上要认真听讲。)

The little girl looks forward to studying abroad when she grows up. (这小姑娘期待着长大后出国留学。)

2. 既可接不定式又可接动名词的词作宾语,但两者含义存在差异。这类动词或短语动词有:forget, remember, stop, continue, go on, try等。

① forget/remember to do sth. 的意思是“忘记(记住)要去做某事”,而forget/remember doing sth.的意思是“忘记(记得)做过某事”。例如:

Dont forget to turn off the lights when you leave the classroom. (别忘了在离开教室时关灯。)

I remembered explaining the differences between the new phrases to all of you again and again. (我记得这些短语的区别用法给你们解释过多遍。)

② stop to do sth. 得意思是“停下来(原来正在做的事)去做另一件事”,而stop doing sth的意思是“停止正在做的事”。例如:

Lets stop to look at the blackboard and listen to the teacher.

=Lets stop writing/listening/reading/...to look at the blackboard and listen to the teacher. (让我们停下来,看黑板听老师讲。)

The teacher didnt begin the class until all the students stopped talking. (直到所有的学生都停止讲话,老师才开始上课。)

③ try to do sth.的意思是“尽力(试图)去做某事”,而try doing sth.的意思是“试着去做某事”。例如:

They tried to succeed and tried doing all kinds of their unusual experiences again and again. (他们试图成功并且五次三番地尝试了他们各种不同的非凡的经历。)

④ go on/continue to do sth.的意思是“继续做和原来不同的另一件事”,而go on/continue doing sth.的意思是“继续做同一件事”。例如:

The runner fell down but he quickly got up and went on running. (那位运动员摔倒了,但他很快爬了起来,继续跑下去。)

After finishing writing the composition she went on to work out her physics exercise. (写完那篇作文后,她继续演算物理习题。)

⑤ 动词advise,allow,permit后接宾语时用动名词,接复合宾语时用动词不定式。例如:

The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. (医生建议他戒烟以此提升健康体质。)

She doesnt allow/permit smoking in her own room. (她不允许在她的房间里吸烟。)

⑥ (be/get) used to do sth.意思是“过去常做某事”;“be used to doing sth.”意思是“习惯做某事”;而be used to do sth.意思是“被用来做某事”。

The boy used to lose himself in surfing the Internet and he is used to fighting with others. (那孩子过去痴迷上网养成了打架的习惯。)

A calculator is used to calculate numbers. (计算器是用来计算数据的。)

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