躯干不同负重方式对人体步行的生物力学影响

赵功赫+曲峰+杨辰+万祥林+李秋捷

摘 要：研究軀干采用不同负重方式时人体行走的步态特征，探讨躯干不同负重方式对步态的影响，为日常行走的负重方式的选择或仿生机器人的设计提供参考。选用10名普通男性大学生为受试者，佩戴特制负重架，分别进行躯干基础负重、躯干前负重和躯干后负重3种状态下的行走，采用Kistler三维测力台、Motion红外高速运动捕捉系统同步采集运动学、动力学数据。结果显示，在行走过程中与后负重相比，前负重显著增加了步宽、重心的水平摆动幅度、踝最大背屈角度、最大伸髋角度、最大伸髋力矩、髋正功、最大伸膝力矩、膝负功，显著减小了步长、躯干前后倾幅度、踝最大跖屈力矩。结论认为，人体前负重行走时，具有更小的步长和更大的步宽，会造成更多的能量消耗；躯干的向后倾斜，腰背部肌肉更容易疲劳，长此以往，更容易造成下腰痛的发生；同时，大腿肌肉用力增大，消耗更多的能量，长时间行走，大腿肌肉会更快疲劳；在设计前负重两足步行机器人时也应适当调整相应参数，增大驱动力，满足更多能量消耗。

关 键 词：运动生物力学；负重方式；步行；躯干

中图分类号：G804.6 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2017）02-0128-07

Biomechanical effects of different ways of trunk load bearing on human walking

ZHAO Gong-he，QU Feng，YANG Chen，WAN Xiang-lin，LI Qiu-jie

（Department of Sports Biomechanics，Beijing Sport University，Beijing 100084，China）

Abstract： In order to study the characteristics of the gait of human walking when the trunk is loaded in different ways， and to probe into the effects of different ways of trunk load bearing on the gait， the authors selected 10 ordinary university students as the testees， who wore a specially made load rack and walked respectively under such 3 conditions as trunk basic load bearing， trunk front load bearing and trunk back load bearing， used a Kistler 3D force measuring platform and an infrared high speed motion capture system to synchronously collect kinematic and dynamic data. The authors revealed the following findings： during walking， as compared with back load bearing， front load bearing significantly increased step width， horizontal swinging amplitude of center of gravity， maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle， maximum hip extension angle， maximum hip extension moment， hip positive work， maximum knee extension moment and knee negative work， and significantly decreased step length， trunk back and forth leaning amplitude， and maximum ankle plantar flexion moment. The authors drew the following conclusions： when walking with front load bearing， the human body has a smaller step length and a bigger step width， which will cause more energy consumption； the leaning backward of the trunk makes lower back muscles fatigue more easily， and tends to cause the occurrence of lower back pain and if it keeps happening； in the mean time， thigh muscles increase power exertion， consume more energy， fatigue faster when walking for a long time； when designing a biped walking robot with front load bearing， the designer should appropriately adjust corresponding parameters and increase driving power， so as to meet more energy consumption.

Key words： sports biomechanics；way of load bearing；walking；trunk

负重行走往往发生在人们的日常生活中，如上班、上学、登山、野外拓展、物品搬运、军人行军等。而负重行走时有负重物作用于人体，身体和重物的总质心必然会发生改变，从而人体会做出一系列的身体姿势调整，来保持身体的平衡及稳定[1]。……