波澜壮阔的伟大革命斗争史
——俄罗斯国家历史博物馆藏十月革命文物展亮相国博

电影《十月》海报 雅科夫·季莫费耶维奇·卢克列夫斯基 Poster of Movie the October, by J.T. Rukelevsky

一个棕色长型旅行手提包，是列宁和夫人克鲁普斯卡娅流亡国外时装文件和衣物所使用的，他们在国外流亡长达15年，去过意大利、法国、波兰等12个国家；一件双排扣深灰带棕色的毛呢夹克，是20世纪初列宁经常穿着的衣服。在回忆录中，别人这样描述他：“谦虚、整洁、有礼貌，但毫无修饰，在人群中毫不起眼。”

11月7日，由中国国家博物馆、俄罗斯国家历史博物馆联合推出的“纪念十月革命100周年——俄罗斯国家历史博物馆藏十月革命文物展”在中国国家博物馆举行。展览分为“伟大的革命”“人民的纪念”“中苏友谊”三个部分，既有表现革命瞬间的经典油画和雕塑，也有记录人民纪念革命、保卫革命政权的宣传画，以及反映中苏友好历史的文物共238件，其中包括了21位俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国功勋艺术家的杰作，大多数展品均为第一次来到中国。在2018年2月7日展览结束前，公众可以到国家博物馆北10展厅免费参观展览。

一场开天辟地的大事变

1917年，俄国处于严重危机状态下，第一次世界大战更加剧了国内阶级矛盾。前线的失利、数以百万计士兵的死亡和被俘，引起了普通士兵和部分军官的愤怒、后方的灰心丧气。他们对不论是战时还是和平年代，沙皇政府是否能够对国家进行有效管理产生了怀疑。在1917年初的几个月里，奋起反对君主制的派别中，不仅有自由民主运动的领袖，而且有爱国的大企业家、高级军事领导，甚至王室成员。

展览的第一部分便以“伟大的革命”为主题，展示了“阿芙乐尔”号巡洋舰舷窗、“十月革命万岁”旗帜等珍贵文物和20余张描绘十月革命的经典历史画作，其中包括：勃罗茨基的《1917年5月列宁在普基洛夫工厂工人大会演讲》、谢洛夫的《列宁在全俄苏维埃第二次代表大会上讲话》、格拉西莫夫的《列宁在讲坛上》、索科洛夫·斯卡利亚创作的《向冬宫突击》等经典历史题材绘画作品。此外，还展出了系列照片和明信片，它们是1917年2月至10月独特的大事记，展示了革命事件在俄罗斯两个主要城市彼得格勒和莫斯科的紧张节奏。

据介绍，“阿芙乐尔”号巡洋舰是俄国海军的三大著名战舰之一。1917年11月，在布尔什维克的争取下，“阿芙乐尔”号成为革命的重要力量。7日晚10时，“阿芙乐尔”号向冬宫打出了第一炮。炮声响过4个小时后，临时政府部长们被逮捕，十月革命取得了胜利。此次展览的舷窗就是这段历史最好的见证。

马特维·根利霍维奇·马尼泽尔则根据列宁在彼得格勒的演讲，创作了雕塑《列宁在装甲车上》，表现了1917年4月3日，列宁从瑞士回到彼得格勒，在车站受到工人和海陆军士兵热烈欢迎的场景。列宁登上装甲车的炮塔上，向迎接他的人们作了简短而充满激情的演讲，并高呼“社会主义革命万岁”！作品造型完整，艺术语言简练，具有深刻的思想性。

一次翻天覆地的历史巨变

十月革命胜利后，为欢庆这个国家最重要的节日，街头、企业、机构都出现了内容丰富、主题多样的海报。“人民的纪念”板块展出了从十月革命后到20世纪80年代末创作的宣传海报和纪念性文物，展现十月革命以后人民对革命的纪念，其中也反映了苏联的历史大事件、社会发展和生活情景。这些海报包括摩尔的《你参加志愿军了吗？》、托依泽的《祖国母亲在呼唤！》、柯列茨基的《为了苏联政权！》，以及由卢克列夫斯基设计的第一部反映十月革命的电影《十月》宣传海报等。艺术家用极具张力的视觉图像和简洁的结构处理，通过最大的语言表现力和极度的清晰性，使海报成为苏联历史大事件的大众宣传工具。

《为了苏维埃政权! 》（三联画）维克多·波里索维奇·柯列茨基 For the Soviet government! (Triptych)Victor Borisovich Koretzky

列宁曾经说过：“首先应该特别地尖锐，图画和宣传画之间的差异，也就在于宣传画的一切都应该凝聚而集中，本来只有集中起来的、典型的事物，才能给人以强烈的印象。”十月革命后，德米特里·斯塔西耶维奇·摩尔创作了以鼓动性形象著称，表现巨大的集中力量，惊人的、令人难忘的宣传画。他在1920年创作的《你参加志愿军了吗？》达到了当时苏俄国内宣传画技巧的顶峰。画面中央是一位年轻的红军战士，他右手直指观众，目光注视着他们，发出一个具有强大号召力量的严肃问题：“你参加志愿军了吗？”他面部表情坚毅，目光愤怒又充满激情，有力地表现了消灭外国武装干涉者和国内反动势力、捍卫年轻的苏维埃共和国的决心。

从摩尔的这幅作品看，他实践了列宁的指示。宣传画的语言简而意尽并极度明确，画家舍去了次要的东西，而专门提取可以加强形象的典型力量的东西。比如红军战士形象突出，几乎占据了整个画面，红、黑两种颜色，更是醒目而有冲击力。红军战士背后的工厂和冒着烟的烟囱，它们象征着和平时期的劳动，说明新生的苏维埃正在着手恢复战争的创伤；简明的语言，读起来容易上口，更是充满了号召力。

一段中俄友好的真挚纪念

十月革命爆发后，中国革命先行者孙中山致电苏俄政府和列宁，表示“愿中俄两党团结共同斗争”，北京大学教授李大钊发表了《庶民的胜利》《布尔什维主义的胜利》等文章，热烈歌颂十月革命和马克思主义。十月革命开启了苏维埃俄国在经济、社会和文化领域的一系列巨大变革，为中国送来了马克思列宁主义，也深刻改变了人类历史发展进程，使世界无产阶级革命进入了崭新的时代。

“中苏友谊”板块反映了从十月革命后到20世纪末中苏、中俄友好交往的内容——北洋政府代表团送给列宁的礼物、孙中山为列宁逝世一周年书写的哀悼词、毛泽东访苏时送给斯大林的70岁生日礼物和斯大林别墅中的物品、斯大林的元帅制服和私人用品，以及纪念中国和俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦五国之间关于加强边境地区军事领域信任协定的签署制作的浮雕板等。

中国革命先行者孙中山和俄国无产阶级革命领袖列宁是没见过面的忠诚朋友，他们是中俄两国人民伟大革命友谊的缔造者。1921年1月21日，列宁逝世。孙中山得知这一噩耗，万分悲痛，发表讲话号召大家学习列宁的革命精神。在列宁逝世一周年时，孙中山为纪念和缅怀这位世界上第一个社会主义国家的缔造者，在绸面上书写哀悼词：“革命之真意义为求最大多数人类之解放与自由，列宁于此得大成功。”

“此次展览力图通过极其珍贵的历史文物、真实的历史照片、精彩的美术作品，向观众展现一段波澜壮阔的伟大革命斗争、一次翻天覆地的历史巨变、一段中俄友好的佳话。同时，加深中俄两国人民的相互了解，加强中俄博物馆界的文化交流。”中国国家博物馆馆长吕章申表示，在100年后的今天，当我们再度在更广阔的时空里思考十月革命的价值时候，更能领会到：中华民族继续沿着社会主义道路胜利前进，最重要的就是要把习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，贯穿在为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的全部进程中，进而为人类命运共同体作出更大的贡献。

《祖国母亲在呼唤！》（海报）伊拉克利·莫伊谢耶维奇·托依泽 Mother-Motherland Calls (Poster)I.M.Toidze

A long brown travel handbag for documents and clothing was used by Lenin and his wife Mrs.Krupskaya for their 15-year exile in foreign countries,including Italy, France, Poland and other 12 countries in total.A dark brown double-breasted wool jacket was often worn by Lenin in 1910. People described him in the memoirs as modest, tidy, courteous, unadorned and inconspicuous in the crowds.

Commemorating the 100thanniversary of October Revolution--- Collections of Cultural Relics of October Revolution of Russian National History Museum, jointly issued by National Museum of China and Russian National History Museum, have been held at National Museum of China recently. Categorized into three parts as the Great Revolution,Commemoration of People, and Friendship between China and the Soviet Union, the exhibition displays classic oil paintings and sculptures showing the moments of revolution,picture posters recording people’s commemorating the revolution and defending the political power and 238 pieces of cultural relics reflecting the friendship history between China and the Soviet Union, including the masterpieces of 21 meritorious artists of Russian Soviet Union, with most exhibits shown to the public for the first time in China. Before the end of exhibition on February 7, 2018, people can visit the exhibition free of charge at the North 10 exhibition hall of the National Museum of China.

A Great Event in History

In 1917, Russia was in a state of serious crisis as the First World War has worsened the domestic class contradiction.The loss at the frontline, the death and capture of millions of soldiers have caused the anger of the ordinary soldiers and some officers with disgrace, as they started to doubt about the effective management over the country by the Czar government in time of war or peace. During the first few months of 1917, amongst the factions against the monarchy were not only leaders of the liberal democratic movement,but also patriotic entrepreneurs, senior military leaders and even the royal members.

With the theme of the Great Revolution, the first part of the exhibition has shown the porthole of Aphrora Cruiser, flags of the October Revolution and some other precious cultural relics and over 20 pieces of classic historical paintings of the revolution, includingLenin’s Speech at Workers’ Assembly of Putilov Factory on May 1917 by Brodsky, Lenin’s Speech at the Second Congress of Russian Soviet by Serov, Lenin on the Rostrum by Gera Simov, Assault on Winter Palaceby Sokolovskalia and other classic historical paintings. In addition, some other photos and postcards recording the unique events from February to October, 1917 also revealed the intense pace of revolutionary events in two major Russian cities of Petrograd and Moscow.

The Aphrora Cruiser, according to the introduction, was one of the three famous Russian navy warships. On Novber 1917,the cruiser became a crucial revolutionary power with the endeavors of Bolshevik. At 10:00PM of 7, November, the Warship made the first shot to the Winter Palace. Ministers of interim government were arrested four hours later, marking the success of the October Revolution. The porthole at this exhibition was the best witness of that history.

Based upon Lenin’s speech in Petrograd, Matey Manizer created the statue ofLenin on Armored Car, depicting the welcoming scene of his return to Petrograd from Switzerland at the stations welcomed by workers and navy and army soldiers. Lenin boarded the armored turret and made a brief and passionate speech to the people who greeted him,hallooing Long live the socialist revolution. With complete modeling and concise artistic language, the masterpiece is of profound ideological content.

列宁的手提包H andbag of Lenin

An earthshaking change in history

Posters with rich content and diverse themes have emerged in streets, companies and institutions to celebrate this most important festival in the country after the success of the October Revolution. Commemoration of People has exhibited the posters and commemorative relics created from the October Revolution to the end of the 1980s, reflecting people’s commemoration of the revolution while reflecting the great events of the history of the Soviet Union, the society development and the situation of life. The posters includeWhy Aren't you in the Army?by Moor,Mother-mother land callsby Toidze,For the Soviet Regimeby Koretsky, and the poster of theOctober, the first movie concerning the October Revolution under the design by Ruklevsky. Through maximum language expressiveness and extreme clarity, the artists employ visual images with great tension and simple structure to make posters the mass propaganda tools for the great events in the history of the Soviet Union.

《前进！胜利就在前方！》妮娜·尼古拉耶夫娜·瓦托林娜 Ahead ! The Victory is in sight N.N.Vatollina

Lenin once mentioned that first it should be especially sharp as the difference between pictures and posters is that everything in poster should be condensed and concentrated as only issues with much concentration and typical case can impress people strongly. After the October Revolution, Dimitri Moor has created the amazing and memorable pictures of propaganda showing great power of concentration famous for their inspiring image. His Have You Been in Volunteer Army created in 1920 reached the peak of the technique of propaganda painting in the Soviet Union and Russia at that time. A young Red Army soldier centering the painting pointed to the audiences with his right hand, watching them while giving out a serious issue with a powerful appeal:Have you been enlisted in the volunteer army? His persistent facial expression and eyes with anger and passion have effectively shown his determination of eliminating foreign armed interferers and domestic reactionary forces in defense of the young Soviet Republic.

As for the artwork of Moor, he practiced Lenin's instructions.The language of the propaganda painting is simple and extremely clear, the artist has given up minor issues while extracted those strengthening the image with special powers. For example, with a prominent image, the Red Army soldier almost occupied the whole painting with two striking colors of red and black. The factories and smokestacks behind the Red Army soldier symbolized the physical labor in the peaceful period, explaining that the new Soviet has been starting to recover the trauma of the war. Easy to read, the concise language was full of appeal.

A Sincere Commemoration of Friendship between China and Russia

After the outbreak of the October Revolution, the Chinese revolutionary forerunner, Mr. Sun Yat-sen once sent a telegram to the Soviet Russian government and Lenin,proclaiming the two parties of China and Russia should remain united and fight together. Peking University professor Li Dazhao published articles, includingPlebeian Victory,Bolshevik Victoryand others to warmly eulogize the October Revolution and the Marxism. The October Revolution has initiated a series of fundamental changes in the economic,social and cultural fields of Soviet Russia, bringing the Marxism-Leninism to China, profoundly transforming the process of human history and put the proletarian revolutions globally into a brand-new era.

The part of Friendship between China and the Soviet Union shows the content of the friendly exchanges between China and Soviet Union, and China and Russia from the October Revolution to the end of the 20th century, including gifts sent by the Beiyang government delegation to Lenin, Mr. Sun Yat-sen’s mourning for the first anniversary of the death of Lenin, MAO Zedong’s 70-year birthday present to Stalin during his visit to the Soviet Union, things in Stalin’s villa, his marshal uniforms and personal supplies, the embossed plate in commemoration of the signing of the agreement on enhancing the military trust in border areas ameng China,Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and etc.

中国山水（木雕）（1920年9月，北洋政府派出的由张斯麐率领的代表团到达莫斯科。11月2日，列宁在百忙之中接见了中国代表团。会见时，代表团将这幅具有中国特色的软木画作品赠送给了列宁。） Chinese Landscape (wood carving) (In September 1920, a delegation led by ZHANG Silin of the Beiyang government arrived in Moscow. On November 2,Lenin met the Chinese delegation during his busy schedule. The delegation presented this piece of cork painting with Chinese characteristics to Lenin during the meeting.)

The Chinese revolutionary forerunner, Mr. Sun Yat-sen and the revolutionary leader of the Russian proletariat, Lenin were loyal friend to each other though they had never met in life, and they are regarded today as founders of the great revolutionary friendship between the Chinese and Russian people. Sun Yat-sen was deeply saddened by the death of Lenin on 21,January 1921 and made a speech calling on all people to learn Lenin’s revolutionary spirit. During the first anniversary of Lenin’s death, he wrote the mourning words on silks, commemorating and remembering the creator of the first socialist country in the world, that the genuine significance of the revolution lies in finding the liberation and freedom for most human beings, and Lenin has achieved his gool.

This exhibition is committed to showcasing to the audiences an earthshaking revolution, a fundamental historical change and a story of China-Russia friendship through extremely precious historical relics, real historical photographs and wonderful works of art, while deepening the mutual understanding of two peoples and strengthening the cultural exchanges between Chinese and Russian museums. Director of National Museum of China, LV Zhangshen said that today after the period of 100 years, when re-evaluating the value of the October Revolution in a broader space and time, we can deeply appreciate that: To win along the socialist road, the most important thing for the Chinese nation is to put XI Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the whole process of achieving the Two Centenary Goals and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation so as to make further contribution to the realization of the community of shared future for mankind.