张满胜
在本期内容中,笔者将较为深入、细致地讨论一个时态问题,读者或许可从中领悟些许时态使用之道。
由读者提问说起
有读者针对下面这个句子提问。
And something like 10,000 Syrian refugees have come to this country since the conflict began.
在与该读者的交流中,他陆续提出了两个问题:①句子中的come是短暂性动词,为什么能够用于现在完成时且和时间段连用呢?②这里用have been coming是不是更好?
为了更好地回答这些问题,笔者把这个句子切分成三个部分:
1. 主语部分:10,000 Syrian refugees (为了简化,笔者去掉了And something like);
2. 谓语部分:have come to this country;
3. 时间状语:since the conflict began。
这三个部分就是我们下面将要考察的三个视角。
三个变量、两种取值及八种排列
下面笔者分别从句子的主语部分、谓语部分及时间状语这三个视角来考察。这三个视角也相当于三个参数变量,并且它们各有两种取值:
1. 主語部分:单数主语 VS 复数主语
2. 谓语部分:现在完成时态have come VS 现在完成进行时态 have been coming
3. 时间状语:有since从句 VS 无since从句
现在笔者把这三个变量及其两种取值进行排列组合,共有八种可能(即2×2×2),分别造出八个句子,列表如下:
具体例句见如下:

现在完成时态:
a. The refugee has come to this country.
b. The refugee has come to this country since the conflict began.
c. The refugees have come to this country.
d. The refugees have come to this country since the conflict began.
现在完成进行时态:
e. The refugee has been coming to this country.
f. The refugee has been coming to this country since the conflict began.
g. The refugees have been coming to this country.
h. The refugees have been coming to this country since the conflict began.
现在请读者自己判断,上面八个句子的正误。
你的答案:正确的句子有____________________________________________。
句子正误解析
下面笔者就一一分析上面各句的对错,并给出解释,请读者认真领悟解析中所给出的各个结论。
1. 现在完成时态例句
a. The refugee has come to this country.
正误:正确
解析:这里使用has come表明最近发生的事件,比如用于新闻报道中。如果不是近期的事件,则用一般过去时态更好:“The refugee came to this country.”
译文:那个难民刚到这个国家。
b. The refugee has come to this country since the conflict began.
正误:错误……p>