“民间习武共同体”作为传统武术保护对象的提出与保护

武超

摘 要：传统武术保护对象相继出现了拳种、传承人及武术文化，对于三者在保护效果方面收效甚微的原因进行分析，提出将“民间习武共同体”作为传统武术保护新对象的构想，并给出了相应的保护策略。研究认为：“保护的灵魂是传承”，传统武术作为“非物质文化遗产保护”名录下的项目之一，不应当为了保护而保护，即指对拳种、传承人以及武术文化的保护；而应当为了传承而保护，即指包括“继承人”在内的保护，进而指出传统武术的保护对象应该是“民间习武共同体”。基于民间习武共同体的视角，结合实地考察的经历，从其内外部环境探究为传承发展而保护的夙愿的实现途径。民间习武共同体内部环境的保护需要在保护好其内生机制的基础上，构建新型师徒传习模式、改变传统传习观念以适应当前时代的发展；外部环境要努力创造一个有利于民间习武共同体可持续发展的文化生态环境，必要时应设立武术文化生态保护区和建设武术文化生态博物馆进行保护，从而实现传统武术代代相传发扬光大的宏愿。

关键词：传统武术；保护对象；保护方法；传承人；民间习武共同体；非物质文化遗产

中图分类号：G 85 文章编号：1009-783X（2017）03-0239-05 文献标识码：A

Abstract： The protection objects of traditional Wushu take the form of boxing， Wushu culture and heritage， the ineffective protection effect of which is analyzed on three aspects， and the idea of community of folk learning Wushu as traditional Wushu protection object is put forward， where some measurements are provided. The result shows that the soul of the protection is to inherit. The traditional Wushu as one of the intangible cultural heritage protection list should not be to protect for protection （refers to boxing， martial arts and heritage protection）， but in order to protect for passing on （refers to the protection including "successor"）. Then the author points out that the object of protection should be the community of folk learning Wushu. From this perspective and combining personal fieldwork experience， the study explores how to protect for inheritance and development both from the internal and external environment. On the aspect of the protection of internal environment， the community of folk learning Wushu should protect its internal mechanism， build a new teaching mode and change the traditional mentoring concepts to adapt to the development of current era； on the external environment， it needs to create a cultural-ecological environment which is conducive to the sustainable development of the community of folk learning Wushu. When necessary we should set up a Wushu cultural ecological protection area and Wushu cultural ecology museum， thus achieving the ambition that the traditional Wushu to be handed down from age to age.

Keywords： traditional Wushu； object of protection； protection methods； inheritors； the community of folk learning Wushu； intangible cultural heritage

本文從以往传统武术保护中所出现的“拳种”→“传承人”→“武术文化”3个保护对象入手，分析它们各自作为保护对象失败的原因所在，在此基础上，提出传统武术的保护对象是“民间习武共同体”，并围绕民间习武共同体，结合观察到的现状，提出相应的解决方案，以期为传统武术走出传承发展困境找到出路。……