胡麻不同生长时期施用除草剂对杂草的防效及胡麻的增产效果

王玉灵 胡冠芳 余海涛

摘要 [目的]研究除草剂苗期茎叶喷雾1次用药兼防胡麻田阔叶杂草与禾本科杂草的最佳施药时期。[方法]施药器械为卫士牌WS-16PA型背负式手动喷雾器，喷液量为675 L/hm2，40% 2甲·辛酰溴EC 1 500 mL/hm2 +108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 1 350 mL/hm2（制剂用量）在胡麻株高为2～5、5～10、10～15和15～20 cm时进行茎叶均匀喷雾处理，药后不同时间调查各处理对胡麻的安全性，药后45 d调查各处理对阔叶杂草与禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效，胡麻成熟后测产。[结果]40% 2甲·辛酰溴EC 1 500 mL/hm2 +108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 1 350 mL/hm2在胡麻株高为5～10 cm时施药，对胡麻药害较轻，药后45 d对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为93.72%和95.13%，对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为95.68%和98.73%；胡麻产量为2 240.0 kg/hm2，较人工除草增产3.86%，较空白对照增产265.24%。[结论] 40% 2甲·辛酰溴EC 1 500 mL/hm2 +108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 1 350 mL/hm2在胡麻苗期不同生长时期茎叶喷雾1次用药兼防胡麻田阔叶杂草与禾本科杂草的最佳施药时期为胡麻株高5～10 cm。

关键词 除草剂；胡麻；生长时期；杂草防效；增产效果

中图分类号 S482.4 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2017）34-0152-03

Abstract [Objective]The aim was to research the optimum spraying period of herbicide spraying on stems and leaves of flax seedling and weeds at one time to control broadleaf weeds and grass weeds in flax field. [Method] Spraying device was WS16PA type knapsack hand sprayer，and spraying volume was 675 L/hm2， and 40% MCPAsodium and bromoxynil octanoate EC 1 500 mL/hm2+108 g/L haloxyfopP EC 1 350 mL/hm2 （dosage of preparation） was sprayed on stems and leaves of flax seedling in plant height of 2-5 cm，5-10 cm，10-15 cm and 15-20 cm and weeds.The safety on flax of herbicide was investigated in different time after pesticide application，and the plant and fresh weight control effects on broadleaf weeds and grass weeds in flax field were investigated after 45 days treatment，and flax yield were determined after flax ripening. [Result] Phytotoxicity on flax of herbicide spraying at stems and leaves of flax seedling in plant height of 5-10 cm was lighter； the plant and fresh weight control effects on broadleaf weeds were 93.72% and 95.13%， respectively， after 45 days treatment，and on grass weeds were 95.68% and 98.73%， respectively；the flax yield was 2 240.0 kg/hm2；the yield increasing rate was 3.86% compared with manual weeding， and was 265.24% compared with CK. [Conclusion] The optimum spraying period of 40% MCPAsodium and bromoxynil octanoate EC 1 500 mL/hm2 +108 g/L haloxyfopP EC 1 350 mL/hm2 spraying on stems and leaves of flax seedling and weeds at one time to control broadleaf weeds and grass weeds in flax field was 5-10 cm of flax seedling in plant height.

Key words Herbicide；Flax；Growth period；Weeds control effect；Yield increasing effect

油用亞麻（Linum usititatissimum）俗称“胡麻”，属亚麻科亚麻属一年生草本植物。我国胡麻主要分布在甘肃、新疆、内蒙古、宁夏、河北、山西等省（区），是这些地区的特种油料作物。甘肃省胡麻年种植面积在15万hm2左右，部分地区藜（Chenopodium album）、卷茎蓼（Polygonum convolvulus）、反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus）、油菜（Brasscia napus）、荠菜（Capsella bursapastoris）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、野燕麦（Avena fatua）和无芒稗（Echinovhloa crusgalli var. mitis）等杂草危害十分严重，一般年份造成胡麻减产12%以上，多雨年份减产30%以上，个别地块甚至绝收。胡麻属密植作物，人工除草费工费时、难度大、成本高，在目前农村健壮劳动力稀缺的情况下，大力推广使用除草剂防除胡麻田杂草具有十分重要的现实意义和显著的经济、社会效益。……