《开罗宣言》为什么不容歪曲

褚静涛中国社会科学院近代史研究所研究员

最近，台湾当局拟在2019年实施的高中社会科新课纲草案中删除《开罗宣言》。台湾地区前副领导人吕秀莲手拿纸本《开罗宣言》，称“这一张就是《开罗宣言》，它是一个A4的纸张，全部只有4段总共22行，上面标的是新闻公报，你从头到尾没有看到日期，哪一天在哪个地方发布，再仔细一看没有人签署”。她此前多次称，“《开罗宣言》只是新闻稿，不是正式国际和约，也未言明台湾归属谁”。

联合公报通常用来发布国家间经过会议达成的某种协议，一般要在正文之后写明双方签署人的身份、姓名、年、月、日期，及签署地点。但是，第二次世界大战期间同盟国发表的联合公报，有别于和平时期国家间的联合公报，故其名称、内容、措词、日期、签署、发表等，有其特殊性。

1943年11月22日至26日，罗斯福总统、丘吉尔首相、蒋介石委员长及他们的幕僚人员在埃及首都开罗附近召开了绝密会议，共议对日作战、对德作战等问题。经过反复推敲、斟酌，三国领导人草拟了一份会议公报，用英文书写。开罗会议的“最终公报文本”（Final Text of the Communiqe）是“新闻公报”（Press Communique），收录于《美国国务院文件集》1943年12月4日。全文如下：

Press Communique

President Roosevelt, Generalissimo Chiang Kai—shek and Prime Minister Churchill, together with their respective military and diplomatic advisers, have completed a conference in North Africa. The following general statement was issued:

The several military missions have agreed upon future military operations against Japan. The Three Great Allies expressed their resolve to bring unrelenting pressure against their brutal enemies by sea, land, and air. This pressure is already rising.

The Three Great Allies are fighting this war to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan. They covet no gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion. It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China. Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed. The aforesaid three great powers, mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, are determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent.

With these objects in view the three Allies, in harmony with those of the United Nations at war with Japan, will continue to persevere in the serious and prolonged operations necessary to procure the unconditional surrender of Japan.

开罗会议是在高度保密的情况下召开的。为安全起见，三国领导人在草拟这份公报时，没有标明会议的名称、时间及准确地点，仅简略表示“在北非召开了一次会议”。为了不使德国、日本的情报机关知道中美英领导人在西亚、埃及一带会面，三国一致同意在德黑兰会议结束后再发表这份公报。……