休谟的怀疑论在哲学史上的影响

程鸿博

【摘 要】休谟的怀疑论哲学是西方哲学史上的一个枢纽点。它通过对人类理智能力的考察，提出了不可知论的观点，从而充分暴露了此前唯理论、经验论所包含的“独断论”成分，动摇了包括唯物主义和唯心主义在内的整个哲学基础。如不解决他提出的挑战性问题即可知与不可知的矛盾，哲学就很难继续向前发展。休谟的怀疑论对后人的影响是无与伦比的。它的怀疑论把康德“从独断论的迷梦中唤醒”，孕育了康德的“批判哲学”。它的精神实质和思维方式为现代西方诸多哲学流派所师承，实证主义、马赫主义、逻辑实证主义乃至实用主义都把休谟奉为“宗师”，由于休谟哲学的独特魅力，自其诞生以来，思想理论界对它的讨论从未中止过，但褒贬不一。本文就休谟的怀疑论哲学的内在逻辑作一简要论述，并阐述它对近、现代西方哲学的影响。

【关键词】休谟的怀疑论；现代西方哲学；康德的影响

【Abstract】The doubt theory philosophy of the Hume is a vital point of the western history of philosophy to order. It passes to investigate to the human rational ability， putting forward the standpoint of the agnosticism， from but exposed this front well but the theories， empiricism includes of" break the theory only" composition， faltered to include but owner righteousness with but heart doctrine whole philosophy in inside foundation. If do not solve the challenge problem that he put forward can immediately know with unknowable self-contradict， philosophy can hardly continue forward develop. The doubt theory of the Hume is incomparable to the influence of the posterity. It of the doubt theory awakens the Kant " from broke to talk about only of foolish dream"， conceive Kantian" criticize the philosophy". It of the spirit substance is modern western and many philosophies to flow to send with the thought method a teacher accepts， the substantial evidence doctrine， Mach doctrine， logic substantial evidence doctrine is to the pragmatism to all receive Hume as the " respected master"， because of philosophic and special magic power in Hume ， since its naissance， thought theories field to it of the discussion have never stop halfway， but the praise or blame is different. This text makes for the philosophic and inside logic in theory in doubt of the Hume a the synopsis discusses， combining to expatiate it to the near and modern western and philosophic influence

【Key words】The doubt theory of the Hume； Modern western philosophy； Kant influence

1 休谟的怀疑论━━哲学史上的“中间派”

休谟的怀疑论是一种“温和的怀疑论”。一般认为怀疑论，顾名思义，就是对任何事物都持怀疑态度进行理论论证而建立的哲学体系，又称为不可知论。马列主义经典作家曾经指出：“休谟的怀疑论即不可知论”，是动摇于唯物主义和唯心主义之间的“中间派”。

1.1 休谟的怀疑论与以往哲学史上的怀疑主义的区别

最早的怀疑主义可以追溯到古希腊的皮浪主义。古代的皮浪怀疑主义是依据感觉主义以感性认识可靠性的肯定的前提细微的推论，他不否认现象，他反对的仅仅是对现象的真实与否的理性判断，而要否定的只是知识的可靠性或可能性。……