优秀短道速滑运动员竞技能力网络结构的建立和特征

王立国++陈松++刘俊一++季朝新

摘 要：為探索优秀短道速滑运动员竞技能力网络结构特征，选取在吉林省冰上中心进行集训的短道速滑队女队员30名，运用专家访谈、问卷调查、实验测试等方法测得代表运动员竞技能力的39个指标，对这些指标进行分析以找出短道速滑运动员竞技能力的“中心节点”和“平衡点”，探讨短道速滑运动员竞技能力网络结构特征。结果显示：在所选取的节点中，拥有边数最多的是体能类节点中的30 m跑（15条边）和最大摄氧量（14条边），可以认为这两个指标是短道速滑运动员的中心节点；在所选取的节点中，弯道技术是连接各个子能力之间的桥梁，说明弯道技术是短道速滑中比较重要的1项指标；在体能的23个节点中，共拥有43条边，说明体能是短道速滑运动员竞技能力最重要的一个组成部分，短道速滑运动员的体能是其整体竞技能力最为重要的子能力。结果说明：竞技能力网络拓扑模型可以揭示运动训练学方面的规律，能够更好地确定最佳竞技能力，可以确保运动员以最佳的竞技状态投入到比赛中。

关 键 词：竞赛与训练；竞技能力；复杂网络理论；短道速滑

中图分类号：G862.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2017）04-0128-05

The establishment and characteristics of an excellent short track speed skater competitive ability network structure

WANG Li-guo1，CHEN Song2，LIU Jun-yi1，JI Chao-xin2

（1.School of Physical Education，Northeast Normal University，Changchun 130024，China；

2.Department of Physical Education，Northeastern University，Shenyang 110819，China）

Abstract： In order to explore the characteristics of an excellent short track speed skater competitive ability network structure， the authors selected 30 female skaters in a short track speed skater team trained at the ice center of Jilin province， measured 39 indexes that represent athlete competitive abilities by applying methods such as expert interview， questionnaire survey and experiment testing etc， analyzed these indexes in order to find out the “central nodes” and “balance points” of short track speed skater competitive abilities， probed into the characteristics of the excellent short track speed skater competitive ability network structure， and revealed the following findings： among the selected nodes， the nodes that have the biggest numbers of edges are 30m run （15 edges） and maximum oxygen uptake （14 edges） in the nodes in the stamina category， the two indexes can be considered as the central nodes of short track speed skaters； among the selected nodes， the curve technique is a bridge connecting various sub-abilities， which indicates that the curve technique is an important index in short track speed skating； among the 23 nodes of stamina， there are totally edges， which indicates that stamina is the most important constituent part of short track speed skater competitive abilities； a short track skaters stamina is the most important sub-ability of his/her overall competitive abilities. The said findings indicate that the competitive ability network topology model can reveal the patterns in sports training science， better determine optimal competitive abilities， and ensure that skaters can go into competition in the optimal competition condition.

Key words： competition and training；competitive ability；complex network theory；short track speed skating

近年来，竞技能力网络结构理论以及实证研究，不但拓展了运动训练理论的新视野，为竞技能力创新性研究探索了新范式，而且在不同竞技项目进行求证的过程中得到了进一步的明确[1-2]。短道速滑是一项体、技能主导类周期竞速性运动项目，对于这类项目运动员的竞技能力是决定比赛胜负最关键的因素。……