现代农业沟渠生态化设计关键技术及其应用

杨 洋，郭宗楼

（浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院，杭州310058）

现代农业沟渠生态化设计关键技术及其应用

杨 洋，郭宗楼*

（浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院，杭州310058）

以四川省芦山县生态沟渠工程建设项目为例，综合考虑渠道生产、生活、生态、景观等功能，从渠道的断面形式、衬砌方式、护坡样式、水生植物、生态景观化等方面进行研究，设计了一种新型的生态化精细灌排沟渠，介绍了构建该沟渠的设计原则和关键技术。对构建的生态化沟渠的综合效果评价结果表明：生态化沟渠处理方案的最终得分为84.65，等级属于良，优于普通沟渠处理方案（最终得分为77.90，等级属于中）；虽然沟渠生态化处理工程在经济性及操作管理方面与普通沟渠处理方案没有显著差异，但在处理效果和废水回收利用方面表现出了一定的优势，如沟渠生态化设计对污染物的去除效果好，出水回收利用率及达标率较高。说明沟渠生态化工程设计具有良好的生态性、经济性和可持续性。

生态系统；沟渠；精细设计；示范运用

Summary Ditch is one of the most important elements in modern agriculture,which has a great impact on agricultural production and ecological environment.Traditional ditches mainly focus on convenient traffic,economic and engineering cost,irrigation and drainage,butneglectthe environmentecosystem.

In order to coordinate the relationship of ecology,economy and sustainability,and realize the win-win situation of water conservancy function and ecological function,proposing a new ecological detailed ditch is of great importance.Based on the research materials and experimentalresults in domestic and overseas,an ecological canalproject was constructed in Lushan County of Sichuan Province with combination of the section form,lining method,slope protection style,aquatic plant, ecologicallandscape,etc.This article puts forward suitable ecologicaldetailed design principles,key technologies,and actual ditch design reference styles.With the consideration of functionalrequirements,such as production,life,ecology,landscape, etc.,some advanced,practical and new concepts with great significance were proposed,which can be used in practical engineering demonstration.Comprehensive evaluation of the ditch ecological effect showed that the final score of the ecological ditch treatment project was 84.65,and the grade was good,better than the ordinary ditch treatment project(the finalscore was 77.90,and the grade was middle).Although the ecologicalditch treatmentprojecthad no significantdifference in the economic and operationalmanagementas compared with the conventionalditch treatmentproject,ithad good effectonthe removal of pollutants,water recycling and compliance rate.In conclusion,the ecological design of engineering ditch has good ecology,economy and sustainability.The following main achievements were obtained:

1)Ecology:Slope and escape lanes were provided to facilitate the escapementof animals falling into the ditches;aquatic plants in the ditches can remove pollutants such as nitrogen,phosphorus and pesticides in the water body,and purify water quality;canal plants can slow down the water flow rate and reduce the temperature changes within the canal to promote crop growth;ecological corridor was set to strengthen the exchange of farmland and protect the integrity;water level monitoring equipmentwas applied to improve the water utilization ata large extent.

2)Economy:The fine design of each section greatly reduced the relevant project cost;aquatic plants purified water quality and reduced the costofsewage treatment.

3)Sustainability:This projectintegrated a series of detailed designs,ensuring the function of traditional ditch irrigation and drainage,and reducing the impact on the environment,which maintained the original ecology of farmland system and improved the use of ditch sustainability.

沟渠，是实现农业水土资源优化配置和有效耦合的重要基础设施，是灌区的重要组成部分。它是为抗旱排涝而修建的人工输水、配水设施，向灌区提供生活、生产、环境供水服务[1-2]，不仅能够确保粮食安全[3]，还具有保护农田生态系统及多样性的生态功能和提供休闲娱乐、景观等社会功能。现阶段人们对维护生态资源及景观品质的要求日益提高，在农地整理中沟渠工程对农田生态影响方面的研究逐渐受到重视[4]。……