杂交小麦种子生产中不同辅助授粉技术研究

王拯 张胜全 叶志杰 任立平 张风廷 陈兆波

摘要[目的]研究杂交小麦制种工作中辅助授粉措施对异交结实和制种产量的影响。[方法]以京麦6号为试验材料，通过对竹竿、绳子、汽油喷药器和施药直升机等措施进行对比，评价各种措施在实施效果、工作效率和费用成本方面的优势。[结果]竹竿和直升机效果最佳，在混播制种田中异交结实达到20粒/穗以上，同时在行比制种中受父本距离变化影响较小。绳子和直升机效率最高，竹竿和汽油喷雾器的效率相对较低。费用成本方面，绳子辅助授粉方式成本最低，是目前大面积制种生产采取的主要措施；竹竿辅助授粉费用较高，但便于操作、效果好，适用于小面积生产和中试制种，在行比制种中优势更加明显；直升机辅助授粉目前有多方面优势，是解决规模化制种降低人工使用和减少制种田踩踏浪费的重要途径。[结论]该研究可为杂交小麦辅助授粉措施的选择提供参考。

关键词杂交小麦；种子生产；辅助授粉

中图分类号S512.1文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611（2017）17-0029-03

Abstract[Objective]Effect of supplementary pollination measures on outcrossing and seed production in the hybrid wheat was studied. [Method] Taking Jingmai 6 as test material，through the comparison of measures such as bamboo pole， rope， gasoline dispenser and spraying helicopter， the advantages of various measures in implementing effect， working efficiency and cost were evaluated. [Result]Bamboo rods and helicopters were the best， and the outcrossing seedsetting was more than 20 grains per spike in the mixed cropping system， and the change of distance between male and female was smaller. The use of ropes and helicopters were more efficient than bamboo and petrol sprayers. The minimum cost of ropeassisted pollination was the main measure taken by largescale seed production. The bambooassisted pollination method was easy to operate and had good effect. It was suitable for smallscale production and pilotseed production， and had obvious advantages in seed production .Helicopter assisted pollination had advantages in many aspects，it was an important way to reduce manual use and reduce trampling waste in largescale seed production.[Conclusion] The research could provide reference for selecting of supplementary pollination measures.

Key wordsHybrid wheat；Seed production；Supplementary pollination

基金項目北京市农林科学院青年基金“二系杂交小麦陕西渭南地区制种适应性及制种技术研究”（QNJJ201514）。

作者简介王拯（1983—），男，陕西渭南人，农艺师，硕士，从事杂交小麦制种技术研究及示范推广。*通讯作者，副研究员，博士，从事杂交小麦制种技术研究及示范推广。

收稿日期2017-04-21

杂交小麦种子生产是不育系成功接受父本外来花粉受精结实的过程。在这个过程中如何能够保证更多的群体接受到外来的花粉，不育系结出更多的種子，是提高制种产量的主要途径之一[1]。……