酒泉市典型绿洲区不同耕作方式对土壤盐分和作物产量的影响

符崇梅+李娟+韩建峰

摘要 以酒泉典型綠洲区盐碱地为例，研究了3种耕作方式对土壤盐分、养分和作物产量的影响。结果表明，连续2年不同耕作方式0～60 cm土壤含盐量均呈下降趋势。2015年播前0～60 cm土层返盐量以DT1处理最高，以ST处理最低。DT1处理收获后0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层含盐量较播种前分别降低40.3%、52.0%、47.6%，DT2处理分别降低40.4%、52.1%、46.6%，ST处理分别降低37.2%、52.1%、43.3%。随着耕作深度的增加，土壤0～60 cm含盐量上行、淋溶幅度较大。2016年播前DT2处理0～60 cm土层含盐量均表现最低，DT1处理收获后0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层含盐量较2015年播前分别降低了42.6%、54.1%、53.8%；DT2处理0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层含盐量较2015年播前分别降低了56.1%、66.4%、59.6%；ST处理0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层含盐量较2015年播前分别降低了39.7%、59.6%、40.9%。连续耕作2年，0～60 cm土层脱盐率以DT2处理最高，适度耕作利于盐碱化土壤的改良。不同耕作方式连续2年均能提高土壤耕层有机质含量、全氮量、速效磷量，其中有机质含量提高幅度达2.34%～5.85%，且处理间差异显著。对土壤有机质、全氮的增加效应，DT2处理明显优于其他2种方式。3种耕作方式连续2年向日葵产量DT2处理最高，产量达2 632.5 kg/hm2和3 036.0 kg/hm2。DT2、ST处理与DT1间2年差异均极显著。说明适度耕作对作物产量的形成有利，这一结果与土壤盐分的表现相一致。

关键词 耕作；土壤盐分；向日葵；产量；甘肃酒泉；典型绿洲区

中图分类号 S156.4+1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739（2017）24-0164-03

Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Soil Salinity and Crop Yield in Typical Oasis Area of Jiuquan City

FU Chong-mei 1 LI Juan 1 HAN Jian-feng 1 WANG Jing 2 WEI Ye-chou 1

（1 Jiuquan Agricultural Sciences Research Academy in Gansu Province，Jiuquan Gansu 735000； 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Regionalization，GAAS）

Abstract Taking saline land of typical oasis areas in Jiuquan City as example，effects of three tillage and management methods on soil salinity，soil nutrient and crop yield were studied. The results showed that soil salinity of 0-60 cm layerwith different tillage methods all showed down trend.In 2015，the increased salt content accumulated of presowing in 0-60 cm layer were the highest in DT1 treatment and the lowest in ST treatment.After harvest，soil salinities in 0-20 cm layer，20-40 cm layer and 40-60 cm layer of DT1 treatment were respectively lower by 40.3%，52.0% and 47.6% than before sowing，the DT2 treatment decreased by 40.4%，52.1% and 46.6%respectively，and ST treatment decreased by 37.2%，52.1% and 43.3%respectively.With the tillage depth increased，soil salinity in 0-60 cm layer was uplink，and the leaching presented a larger amplitude.In 2016，the soil salinity in all 0-60 cm layers of DT2 treatment before sowing were the lowest. Compared with 2015 before sowing，the DT1 treatment soil salinity in 0-20 cm layer，20-40 cm layer and 40-60 cm layer after harvest decreased by 42.6%，54.1% and 53.8%，respectively.Compared with 2015 before sowing，the DT2 treatment soil salinity in 0-20 cm layer，20-40 cm layer and 40-60 cm layer after harvest decreased by 56.1%，66.4% and 59.6%，respectively.Compared with 2015 before sowing，the ST treatment soil salinity in 0-20 cm layer，20-40 cm layer and 40-60 cm layer decreasedby 39.7%，59.6% and 40.9%，respectively. With the continuous two-year tillage，the soil desalination in 0-60 cm layer of the DT2 treatment was the highest，the moderate tillage was beneficial to improve the saline-alkali land.Applying different tillage methods for two years，could increase the contents of soil organic matter，total nitrogen and available phosphorus. The content of organic matter in tested soil increased by 2.34%-5.85%，and the differences among treatments were significant.The increase effects of soil organic matter and total nitrogen of DT2 was better than other treatments.Applying different tillage methods for two years，Helianthus annuus yield of DT2 treatment was the highest，which reached 2 632.5 kg/hm2 and 3 036.0 kg/hm2. There was extremely significant difference of yields of DT2，ST and DT1 treatments between 2015 and 2016，and it showed that moderate tillage was beneficial to crop yield，which was consist with the results of soil salinity.endprint

Key words tillage；soil salinity；Helianthus annuus；yield；Jiuquan Gansu；typical oasis area

土壤盐碱化改良利用是世界性农业生产所面临的一个严重问题。土壤中盐分含量及速效养分含量对植物的生长发育、产量形成和品质影响较大。我国盐碱地面积约为3 600万hm2，占可利用土地面积的4.88%[1]。酒泉市盐碱地面积约75.44万hm2。20世纪末，甘肃省實施“疏勒河农业灌溉暨移民安置综合开发”项目，在疏勒河、黑河下游开垦滩涂荒地近3.0万hm2。……