激素性股骨头坏死发生机制的新认识

2018-01-29 18:32邓爽彭昊
中国医药导报 2017年34期
关键词:股骨头坏死凋亡糖皮质激素

邓爽 彭昊

[摘要] 糖皮质激素应用是股骨头坏死最常见的非创伤性原因,研究认为其发生机制包含直接和间接两重作用。直接作用包括:成骨细胞与破骨细胞前体生成抑制,成骨细胞与骨细胞凋亡,破骨细胞寿命延长,内皮细胞凋亡;间接作用包括:促进凝血活性,干扰血管再生,影响骨修复,调节局部血管收缩,诱导骨髓脂肪生成,增高髓内压。多种途径的激活使股骨头血供减少,从而导致坏死发生。此外,激素性股骨头坏死的发生还存在个体敏感性差异及其他的潜在机制,其患病模型为多重命中理论,风险因素越多则患病概率越大。应更深入地认识糖皮质激素的详细作用机制,从而为临床治疗提供更好的选择。

[关键词] 糖皮质激素;股骨头坏死;成骨细胞;破骨细胞;骨细胞;内皮细胞;凋亡

[中图分类号] R684 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)12(a)-0029-04

[Abstract] The use of glucocorticoids is the most common non-traumatic cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Studies have shown that glucocorticoids can act directly or indirectly. Direct effects include inhibition of osteoblast and osteoclast precursor formation, apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, prolongation of osteoclast lifespan and apoptosis of endothelial cells. Indirect effects include increasing the risk of clot formation, inhibiting angiogenesis, interfering with bone repair, causing local vessel contraction, promoting lipogenesis in the bone marrow and increasing intramedullary pressure. Multiple pathway activation leads to the decrease of blood supply of the femoral head, resulting in osteonecrosis. Besides, there are individual differences in steroid sensitivity and other underlying mechanisms. The disease model is a multiple hit theory. The more risk factors, the greater probability of disease. More work is needed to better discover the pathomechanisms of glucocorticoids in osteonecrosis, so as to provide better choice for clinical treatment.

[Key words] Glucocorticoid; Osteonecrosis of the femoral head; Osteoblast; Osteoclast; Osteocytes; Endothelial cell; Ap?鄄optosis

糖皮质激素的应用是股骨头坏死最常见的非创伤因素[1]。Felson等[2]发现糖皮质激素的每日平均用量每增加10 mg,股骨头坏死的发生率就增加4.6倍。股骨头坏死给患者日常行动带来诸多不便,严重影响患者生活质量,给社会和患者家庭带来沉重的经济负担[3]。因此,探索股骨头坏死与糖皮质激素之间的关系意义重大。最新研究表明,不单是骨细胞在疾病进程中发挥作用,内皮细胞可能在股骨头坏死的发生发展中起着同样或更为重要的作用[4]。糖皮质激素对股骨头坏死的作用机制已有多种假说,其对骨及其他细胞的直接作用比间接作用更为重要。本文对糖皮质激素在股骨头坏死发生发展中的作用机制进行综述,为基础研究及临床工作提供参考。

1 对骨的影响

研究发现,经长期糖皮质激素治疗后,股骨皮质中大部分成骨细胞和骨细胞开始凋亡[5]。Calder等[6]在糖皮质激素和酒精导致的股骨头坏死患者中发现了同样的病理变化。Weinstein等[7]发現,糖皮质激素过量导致的骨损失是由于糖皮质激素直接作用于破骨细胞,延长了它的寿命。破骨细胞的存活和分化受基质细胞和成骨细胞产生的因子调控,关键因子是NFκB受体激动剂(recepter activator of NFκB,RANK)配体,它是肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)配体家族的重要成员。在糖皮质激素处理的成骨细胞中,TNF-α、RANK和骨保护素的水平上升,使得破骨细胞分化被抑制[5]。

过量的糖皮质激素会影响骨细胞的产生速率。Weinstein等[8]用泼尼松龙处理7月龄小鼠27 d,发现骨密度、血清骨钙素有所下降,并且骨小梁面积降低,同时伴有骨生成减少,成骨细胞和破骨细胞损伤。因此,糖皮质激素导致的骨疾病在某种程度上是因为骨髓中成骨细胞和破骨细胞生成被抑制,使得成骨细胞和骨细胞凋亡增加,破骨细胞寿命延长。糖皮质激素导致的骨细胞凋亡破坏了骨细胞网络的机械感知功能,而骨细胞网络具有重要的修复作用,这势必导致股骨头塌陷,成骨细胞凋亡也会引起骨质疏松,又加重塌陷骨折[9]。endprint

2 对内皮细胞的影响

糖皮质激素对连接血窦和血管内层的内皮细胞有重要影响。实验发现,糖皮质激素诱导的外周血压升高与功能性微血管和毛细血管的数量降低有关[10]。糖皮质激素能直接损害内皮细胞,加重高凝状态[11]。内皮细胞的损伤可能导致动脉闭塞部位的凝血异常和血栓形成,进而导致股骨头坏死[4]。

6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-ketone prostaglandin F1α,6-keto-PGF1α)是前列腺素I2(prostaglandin I2,PGI2)的代谢产物,PGI2主要由血管内皮细胞产生,它会极大地扩张血管,阻止血小板聚集。在内毒素和糖皮质激素诱导的股骨头坏死兔模型中,6-keto-PGF1α的含量显著降低,这表明糖皮质激素介导了股骨头坏死模型中的内皮细胞损伤[12]。

3 其他作用

3.1 对凝血途径的影响

低剂量的糖皮质激素通过抑制血小板聚集来抑制动脉血栓形成,但在较高剂量时,这些作用被纤溶抑制抵消[13-17]。后者被证明是由于组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator,t-PA)的降低以及血浆中纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)抗原水平的升高[13-14,18]。另外,Yamamoto等[19]推测,炎症条件(如地塞米松和TNF-α环境)可通过作用于血管内皮细胞发挥促凝作用。

3.2 对血管再生和骨修复的影响

股骨头坏死后,新生血管进入坏死区域,启动股骨头修复。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)等重要因子直接作用于内皮细胞进行血管修复[20]。Yang等[20-21]利用VEGF基因转染增强了兔股骨头坏死模型中的骨修复。在骨髓来源的多能细胞系中,地塞米松能有效降低VEGF合成[22]。VEGF失调进而影响骨修复过程,这可能是糖皮质激素诱导股骨头坏死的机制之一。

3.3 对血管活性物质的影响

内皮细胞通过释放血管活性物质调节血管平滑肌细胞的收缩性,进而调节血流量。内皮型一氧化氮(endothelial nitric oxide,eNO)是重要的血管舒张因子,糖皮质激素过量会导致eNO失活,并通过降低内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)的表达抑制eNO生成,导致血管阻力增加。eNO具有扩张血管、抗血小板凝集及抑制单核细胞与内皮细胞黏附等作用[23]。糖皮质激素介导内皮功能失调,进而导致外周血液循环障碍[24]。Drescher等[25]发现,在长期糖皮质激素刺激下,离体骺外侧动脉(股骨头主要血供)对内皮素-1的反应性增强。内皮素-1可通过增加血管平滑肌细胞中的钙离子浓度引起血管收缩。前列环素是另一种强效血管舒张剂,糖皮质激素可使其生成受到抑制[26]。因此,糖皮质激素能通过调节血管活性物质及血管的反应性,引起股骨头内血管收缩性,导致股骨头血供不足。

3.4 对脂肪代谢的影响

糖皮质激素已被证明可造成严重的髓内脂肪浸润[27]。髓内脂肪填塞造成脂肪细胞聚集在血管窦表面,使股骨头内的有效血管供血面积减少,引起继发坏死[28]。Yin等[29]发现,地塞米松可以直接诱导骨髓间质细胞向脂肪细胞分化,同时抑制成骨分化。Jones等[30]发现在股骨头坏死中,骨髓脂肪细胞损伤后会释放液态脂肪、凝血活酶及其他血管活性物质,进而损伤血管内皮细胞。以上实验均表明糖皮质激素可能通过影响髓内脂肪代谢使股骨头血供减少。

4 危险因素与潜在疾病

糖皮质激素能加重内源性皮质醇增多症(Cushing综合征)的影响,此疾病已被证明可以增加股骨头壞死的患病风险[31],但外源性糖皮质激素对股骨头坏死发展的影响更大[32],这可能是由于外源性糖皮质激素与受体的结合力更高。在接受特定剂量糖皮质激素治疗的患者中,只有部分患者发生股骨头坏死,这表明对糖皮质激素的敏感性存在个体差异。此外,在糖皮质激素诱导股骨头坏死患者中,一些研究发现存在凝血异常发病率相比对照组有所增加的现象[33-36],也有另一些研究发现相当比例的患者不尽如此[37-38]。并非所有应用糖皮质激素治疗且有血栓形成倾向的患者都发生了股骨头坏死[9],甚至有研究报道在糖皮质激素治疗或替代治疗方案应用前,患者已经发生了股骨头坏死[39-42]。很难判断股骨头坏死发生在有潜在风险因素的人群是否实际上是由于潜在风险因素本身造成,而不是应用糖皮质激素引起。

5 结论

股骨头坏死的发病机制是多因素的,教科书上的模型是一个“多重命中理论”,大量风险因素会增加股骨头坏死风险[43],因此预防其发展的策略是减少潜在风险因素。包括使用抗血栓药物改善血管内皮细胞的功能,通过医疗干预促进血管生成,降脂药和抗凋亡药物的应用也可能对治疗有益。更多的研究发现将有助于揭示糖皮质激素在股骨头坏死的作用机制,在未来将更好地服务于股骨头坏死的药物研制和治疗管理。

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(收稿日期:2017-09-01 本文編辑:程 铭)endprint

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